The right to freedom of opinion and expression in the universal declaration of human rights - a contemporary perspective

AutorJedrzej Skrzypczak
Páginas81-91
THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF OPINION
AND EXPRESSION IN THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS - A
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION IN THE UNIVERSAL...
J S
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
1. INTRODUCTION
Freedom of speech is one of the elementary and fundamental human
rights, constituting the basis for the functioning of democratic societies
and, at the same time, an indispensable condition for the development
of the State and the individual. Such a thesis is substantiated in Art. 19
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948). The 70th
anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration prompts us to re-examine
the content of Art. 19 in the context of the digital revolution and the
dynamic development of the internet.
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN
General Assembly in Resolution 217/III on December 10, 1948, in Paris.
Among the 58 then members, the majority voted in favor, only eight
States abstained including the People’s Republic of Poland and other
Communist countries failed to vote, but none dissented (Constantinides,
2011, 53). Work on the document began in 1946. It turned out that the
United Nations Charter of June 26, 1945, adopted in San Francisco,
needed augmenting and clarifi cation (Samnøy,1993, 19-56ś Schutter,
2013, XXVI). The task was entrusted to the Human Rights Commission
consisting of 18 members with di erent political, religious and cultural
background. The Commission was appointed by the Economic and
Social Council, with Eleanor Roosevelt as its chair (Samnøy,1993, 5ś

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