The Consecuences of Brexit for Gibraltar
| Autor | Inmaculada González García - Miguel Acosta Sánchez |
| Cargo | Associate Professors (Profesores Titulares) of International Law and International Relations, University of Cadiz (Spain). This study was carried out as part of a Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence project ('Migration and Human Rights in Europe's External Borders') and the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union (587177-EPP-1-2017-1-ES-EPPJMO-Co... |
| Páginas | 1-21 |
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Cuadernos de Gibraltar – Gibraltar Reports
Número 2/Issue # 2, 2018-2019, 1302
ISSN 2444-7382
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Cuad_Gibraltar.2019.i3.1302
CUADERNOS DE GIBRALTAR – GIBRALTAR REPORTS
Num 3, 2018-2019 | ISSN 2444-7382
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Cuad_Gibraltar.2019.i3.1302
THE CONSEQUENCES OF BREXIT FOR GIBRALTAR
Inmaculada GONZÁLEZ GARCIA
Miguel A. ACOSTA SÁNCHEZ1
I. INTRODUCTION - II. BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE
UNITED KINGDOM REGARDING GIBRALTAR - III. AREA OF FREEDOM,
SECURITY AND JUSTICE: POLICE COOPERATION - IV. FREE MOVEMENT
OF PERSONS - FRONTIER WORKERS V. FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT
AND FREEDOM TO PROVIDE SERVICES - VI. ENVIRONMENTAL
COOPERATION - VII. TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION AND ECONOMIC,
SOCIAL AND TERRITORIAL COHESION: THE CREATION OF A EUROPEAN
GROUPING OF TERRITORIAL COOPERATION (EGTC)-CAMPO DE
GIBRALTAR/GIBRALTAR.
ABSTRACT: Within the framework of negotiations between the United Kingdom (UK) and the
European Union (EU), a Protocol on Gibraltar was included in the Agreement on the Withdrawal
of the UK from the EU, signed in January 2020. That Protocol makes reference to the four bilateral
agreements or Anglo-Spanish Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) on citizens’ rights, tobacco and
other products, environmental cooperation and police and customs cooperation, with provision for
Withdrawal Agreement negotiations have implied a major shake-up in Anglo-Spanish relations
concerning Gibraltar, as Spain is recognized as an essential role for the application of EU law to
said territory. This position of negotiating strength is maintained since after leaving the UK the EU
must reach an agreement on the future EU-UK Relations Treaty before the end of the transitional
period in December 2020. Spain’s relationship with the UK and Gibraltar is also conditioned by the
express recognition given to the competent authorities (not only those of Gibraltar, but also those
of the surrounding area) in the Memoranda of Understanding as well as in the Protocol on Gibraltar
adopted by the EU and the UK.
1 Associate Professors (Profesores Titulares) of International Law and International Rela-
tions, University of Cadiz (Spain). This study was carried out as part of a Jean Monnet Centre
of Excellence project (“Migration and Human Rights in Europe’s External Borders”) and the
Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union (587177-EPP-1-2017-1-ES-EPPJMO-CoE).
I. González is Main Researcher of the Project, “The incidence of “Brexit” in cross-border
cooperation between Gibraltar-Campo de Gibraltar and Andalusia” PRY2015/19, XI Call
for Research Projects of the Foundation ‘Andalusian Studies Centre’.
Citation: GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA, I; ACOSTA SÁNCHEZ, M: «The Consecuences of Brexit for Gibraltar»,
Cuadernos de Gibraltar–Gibraltar Reports, num. 3, 2018-2019.
Received: 17 December 2019.
Accepted: 31 Janary 2020.
CGIB03-gonzalez-acosta.indd 1 13/04/2020 10:43:40
2
Cuadernos de Gibraltar – Gibraltar Reports
Número 3/Issue # 3, 2018-2019, 1302
ISSN 2444-7382
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Cuad_Gibraltar.2019.i3.1302
The Consecuences of Brexit for Gibraltar
The object of this Study will be to analyse the consequences of Brexit for Gibraltar in relation to
the following EU freedoms and policies, among others: Cross-border cooperation and econom-
ic, social and territorial cohesion: the creation of a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation
(EGTC)-Campo de Gibraltar/Gibraltar; Area of freedom, security and justice: police cooperation;
Free movement of persons - frontier workers; Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide
services and; Environmental cooperation. All these aspects are examined from a double perspec-
tive: with a ‘hard Brexit’ without an agreement, or with a Brexit with a UK-EU agreement.
KEYWORDS: Cross-border cooperation, Gibraltar, Andalusia and Campo de Gibraltar. Brexit,
UK, European Union, cross-border workers, Withdrawal Treaty.
LAS CONSECUENCIAS DEL BREXIT PARA GIBRALTAR
RESUMEN: En el marco de las negociaciones entre el Reino Unido (RU) y la Unión Europea
Protocolo anexo sobre Gibraltar. En este aparecen referenciados los cuatro acuerdos bilaterales o
Memorandos de Entendimiento hispano-británicos sobre derechos de los ciudadanos; tabaco y otros
productos; cooperación en materia medioambiental; y cooperación policial y aduanera, previéndose
La negociación del Acuerdo de Retirada ha supuesto un gran revulsivo en las relaciones entre Espa-
ña y el RU en relación con Gibraltar, al reconocerse a España un papel esencial para la aplicación
del Derecho de la UE a dicho territorio. Esta posición de fortaleza negociadora se mantiene ya que
tras abandonar el RU la UE debe llegarse a un acuerdo sobre el Tratado de relación futura UE-RU
Gibraltar se ve también condicionada por el reconocimiento expreso que se hace a las autoridades
competentes (no sólo a las de Gibraltar, sino también a las de la zona circundante) en los Memo-
randos de Entendimiento así como en el Protocolo sobre Gibraltar adoptado por la UE y el RU.
Analizaremos en el presente estudio las consecuencias del Brexit para Gibraltar en relación, entre
otras, con las siguientes libertades y políticas de la UE: Cooperación transfronteriza y Cohesión
económica, social y territorial: la creación de una Agrupación Europea de Cooperación Territorial
(AECT)-Campo de Gibraltar/Gibraltar; Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia: la cooperación
policial; Libre circulación de personas – los trabajadores fronterizos; Libre prestación de servicios
y establecimiento y; Cooperación en materia de medio ambiente. Todos estos aspectos se analizan
bajo una doble perspectiva: con un ‘Brexit duro’ y sin acuerdo, o con un Brexit con acuerdo RU-
UE.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Cooperación transfronteriza, Gibraltar, Andalucía y el Campo de Gibraltar,
Brexit, Reino Unido, Unión Europea, trabajadores fronterizos, Tratado de Retirada
I. INTRODUCTION
The now distant British referendum of June 2016, in which a marginal
majority voted in favour of Brexit and the United Kingdom (UK) conse-
quently gave formal notice of its intention to withdraw from the European
Union (EU), will have unpredictable consequences that are yet to unfold,
since the European Council recently agreed to extend the deadline until 31
CGIB03-gonzalez-acosta.indd 2 13/04/2020 10:43:40
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