Un modelo 'saussureano' de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales. Algunos aportes desde un paralelismo con la lingüística

AutorHelga María Lell
Páginas36-58
UN MODELO «SAUSSUREANO» DE LA RELACIÓN ENTRE EL ORDENAMIENTO
JURÍDICO Y LAS DECISIONES JUDICIALES. ALGUNOS APORTES DESDE UN
PARALELISMO CON LA LINGÜÍSTICA
Helga María Lell
Resumen
(QHVWHDUWtFXORVHSDUWHGHOSUREOHPDTXHHQIUHQWDOD FLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRHQHOPRPHQWRGHGH¿QLUFXiOHVVX REMHWR
VL HO RUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR R ODV GHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHV (VWR LPSOLFD XQ SUREOHPD DO PHQRV VL VH HQWLHQGH TXH HO
primero constituye una estructura con características generales, esenciales y sociales y las segundas simplemente son
FRQWLQJHQWHV\ SDUWLFXODUHV 3DUDH[SOLFDU ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGH HVWDGLFRWRPtD VH UHFXUUHD XQSDUDOHOLVPR HQWUH OD
GLVFLSOLQDOLQJtVWLFD\ODMXUtGLFD (VDSDUWLUGHHVWDEDVH TXHVHSUHWHQGHPDQLIHVWDUTXHH[LVWHQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHQOD
GLFRWRPtDOHQJXDKDEODTXHSHUPLWHQFRPSUHQGHUDOJXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODUHODFLyQHQWUHHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR
\ODVGHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHV'HVGHHVWHiPELWR HODUWtFXORVHFHQWUD HQODVFRQWURYHUVLDVVREUH HOFDUiFWHULQGLYLGXDOR
VRFLDOGHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV
(QSULPHUOXJDUVH H[SRQHQODVLGHDVVDXVVXUHDQDVTXHSODQWHDQHQWpUPLQRVDQWLQyPLFRVODUHODFLyQ HQWUHVLVWHPD\
DFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV\TXHGDQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVRFLDO\HVHQFLDODOSULPHUH[WUHPR\ODVGHLQGLYLGXDO\FRQWLQJHQWHDO
VHJXQGR6HJXLGDPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQDOJXQDVFUtWLFDVWHQGLHQWHVDURPSHUFRQHVWDSRVWXUD\TXHGHULYDQHQODSRVWHULRU
UHIRUPXODFLyQGHOSODQWHDPLHQWRVDXVVXUHDQR(VWDUHIRUPXODFLyQVHLQVSLUDHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH&RVHULXHQHOiPELWR
GHODOLQJtVWLFD\HVODTXH¿QDOPHQWHGDSLHDODDVHYHUDFLyQLQLFLDOGHHVWHWUDEDMR
Palabras clave:GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVRUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRPRGHORVDXVVXUHDQRSROLIRQtDSDUDOHOLVPR
LEGAL DECISIONS AS INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL ACTS AT THE SAME TIME. SOME
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM A PARALLEL WITH LINGUISTICS
Abstract
7KLVDUWLFOHEHJLQV ZLWKWKHSUREOHPWKDWIDFHVOHJDOVFLHQFH LQGH¿QLQJLWV SXUSRVHOHJDOV\VWHP RUOHJDOGHFLVLRQV
7KLVLPSOLHV DSUREOHPDW OHDVWLI ZHXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHIRUPHU FRQVWLWXWHVD VWUXFWXUHZLWKJHQHUDO HVVHQWLDODQG
VRFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV ZKLOHWKH ODWWHUDUHPHUHO\DFFLGHQWDO DQGVSHFL¿F ,QRUGHU WRH[SODLQ WKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
WKLVGLFKRWRP\ZHGUDZDSDUDOOHOEHWZHHQWKHOLQJXLVWLFDQGOHJDOGLVFLSOLQHV%DVHGRQWKLVZHLQWHQGWRVKRZWKHUH
DUHIHDWXUHVRIWKHODQJXDJHVSHDNLQJ GLFKRWRP\WKDWDOORZXVWR XQGHUVWDQGVRPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI WKHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHOHJDOV\VWHP DQGOHJDOGHFLVLRQV7KLV LVWKHIUDPHZRUNLQZKLFK WKHDUWLFOHIRFXVHVRQWKHFRQWURYHUVLHV
RYHUWKHLQGLYLGXDORUVRFLDOFKDUDFWHURIOHJDOGHFLVLRQV
)LUVWZHRXWOLQH6DXVVXUVLGHDVZKLFKSRVHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQV\VWHPDQGLQGLYLGXDODFWVLQDQWLQRPLFDOWHUPV
DWWULEXWLQJVRFLDODQGHVVHQWLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWRWKHIRUPHUDQGLQGLYLGXDODQGDFFLGHQWDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWRWKHODWWHU
6HFRQGZHRIIHUVRPHFULWLFLVPVWKDWEUHDNZLWKWKLVSRVLWLRQDQGOHDGWRDUHIRUPXODWLRQRI6DXVVXUH¶VDSSURDFK7KLV
UHIRUPXODWLRQLVLQVSLUHGE\&RVHULX¶VWKLQNLQJLQWKH¿HOGRIOLQJXLVWLFVDQGLVZKDWXOWLPDWHO\JLYHVULVHWRWKHDVVHUWLRQ
WKDWLVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWRIWKLVSDSHU
.H\ZRUGVOHJDOGHFLVLRQVOHJDOV\VWHPVDXVVXUHDQPRGHOSRO\SKRQ\SDUDOOHO
+HOJD0DUtD/HOO&21,&(7)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV(FRQyPLFDV\-XUtGLFDV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH/D3DPSD$UJHQWLQDhlell@
LXVDXVWUDOHGXDU
$UWtFXORUHFLELGRHO(YDOXDFLyQFLHJD)HFKDGHDFHSWDFLyQGHODYHUVLyQ¿QDO
Citación recomendada: LELL, +HOJD0DUtD©8QPRGHOR³VDXVVXUHDQR´GHODUHODFLyQHQWUHHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\ODVGHFLVLRQHV
MXGLFLDOHV$OJXQRVDSRUWHVGHVGHXQSDUDOHOLVPRFRQODOLQJtVWLFDª5HYLVWDGH/OHQJXDL'UHW-RXUQDORI/DQJXDJHDQG/DZQ~P
S'2,
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 37
Sumario
,QWURGXFFLyQ
3UREOHPDGHODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRHQWRUQRDORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\ODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV
%UHYHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODVSUR\HFFLRQHVOLQJtVWLFDV
(OPRGHORVDXVVXUHDQR
 (OVLVWHPD\ORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVHQHOSODQWHDPLHQWRVDXVVXUHDQR
/DLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDHQWUHHOVLVWHPD\ORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVHQHOSODQWHDPLHQWRVDXVVXUHDQR
/DQDWXUDOH]DVRFLDOGHOVLVWHPD\ODDVRFLDOGHORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV
&UtWLFDVDOPRGHORVDXVVXUHDQR
&UtWLFDDOPHQRVSUHFLRDODLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDHQWUHHOVLVWHPD\ORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV
&UtWLFDDODQRFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHORVHIHFWRVGHORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVHQRWURVGHLJXDOtQGROH
&UtWLFDDODQRFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHODFDUJDDFWLYDTXHVHGDHQWUHWRGRVORVVXMHWRVDFWXDQWHV
&RQVLGHUDFLRQHV¿QDOHV3URSXHVWDGHUHIRUPXODFLyQDOPRGHORVDXVVXUHDQRHQHOGHUHFKR
%LEOLRJUDItD
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 38
1 Introducción
(QHVWHDUWtFXORVHSDUWHGHOSUREOHPDTXHHQIUHQWDODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRHQHOPRPHQWR GHGH¿QLUFXiOHV
VXREMHWRVL HORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRRODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV(VWRLPSOLFDXQ SUREOHPDDOPHQRVVLVH
entiende que el primero constituye una estructura con características generales, esenciales y sociales y las
VHJXQGDVVLPSOHPHQWHVRQFRQWLQJHQWHV\SDUWLFXODUHV
3DUDHIHFWXDUODWDUHDDQWHGLFKDDTXtVHUHFXUUHDXQSDUDOHOLVPRHQWUHODGLVFLSOLQDOLQJtVWLFD\ODMXUtGLFD
(OORDSDUWLUGHODLQWXLFLyQGHTXHHVWD~OWLPDGLVFLSOLQDKDGHVDUUROODGRFDWHJRUtDVDQDOtWLFDVTXHKDQJR]DGR
\JR]DQGH JUDQ DFHSWDFLyQ\TXH OD KDQOOHYDGRD VHU FRQVLGHUDGDXQDFLHQFLD VyOLGD 3RUHOFRQWUDULR
UHVSHFWRGHSUREOHPDVHSLVWHPROyJLFRVVHPHMDQWHVOD FLHQFLDMXUtGLFDKD SURFXUDGRFRPSUHQGHUVX REMHWR
QRUPDWLYRDSDUWLUGHFLHUWRVDQiOLVLVVLQORJUDUH[LWRVDPHQWHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDXQDFLHQFLDSURSLDPHQWHGLFKD
$SDUWLU GHHVWD EDVHVH SUHWHQGHPDQLIHVWDUTXH H[LVWHQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HQOD GLFRWRPtDOHQJXDKDEOD TXH
SHUPLWHQFRPSUHQGHUDOJXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV²YDOJDODUHGXQGDQFLD²GHODUHODFLyQHQWUHHORUGHQDPLHQWR
MXUtGLFR\ODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV(QHVWHPDUFRHVWHDUWtFXORVHFHQWUDHQODVFRQWURYHUVLDVVREUHHOFDUiFWHU
LQGLYLGXDORVRFLDOGHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV
$HIHFWRVGHH[SRQHUHOSDUDOHOLVPRSURSXHVWRHVQHFHVDULRVHJXLUFLHUWRRUGHQTXHIDFLOLWHODFRPSUHQVLyQGH
ORVGHVDUUROORVGHODOLQJtVWLFD\FyPRHVWRVUHSHUFXWHQHQHOFDPSRMXUtGLFRORFXDOLPSOLFDHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
GHODVPDUFKDV\FRQWUDPDUFKDVWHVLV\FUtWLFDVHQFDGDiPELWR3RUHOORHQHVWHWUDEDMRHQ SULPHUOXJDU
VH H[SRQHQ ODV LGHDV VDXVVXUHDQDV TXH SODQWHDQ HQ WpUPLQRV DQWLQyPLFRV OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH VLVWHPD \
DFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV\TXH GDQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVRFLDO\HVHQFLDODOSULPHUH[WUHPR\ODVGHLQGLYLGXDO \
FRQWLQJHQWHDOVHJXQGR6HJXLGDPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQDOJXQDVFUtWLFDVWHQGLHQWHVDURPSHUFRQHVWDSRVWXUD\
TXHGHULYDQHQODSRVWHULRUUHIRUPXODFLyQGHOSODQWHDPLHQWRVDXVVXUHDQR(VWDUHIRUPXODFLyQVHLQVSLUDHQHO
SHQVDPLHQWRGH&RVHULXHQHOiPELWRGHODOLQJtVWLFD\HVODVTXH¿QDOPHQWHGDSLHDODDVHYHUDFLyQLQLFLDO
GHHVWDLQWURGXFFLyQ
2 Problema de la ciencia del derecho en torno al ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones
judiciales
/DFRQFHSFLyQGH ODFLHQFLDGHO GHUHFKRFRPRDTXHOOD TXH VHDERFD DO HVWXGLRGHO IHQyPHQR QRUPDWLYR
DFDUUHDXQSUREOHPDHOGHGH¿QLUFXiOGHHQWUHDOPHQRVGRVDQiORJRVDERUGDVLHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\
ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHORFRPSRQHQRELHQODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV
(VWDFXHVWLyQFRQOOHYDXQDUHÀH[LyQFRQH[DUHVSHFWRGHFXiOHVODUHODFLyQVLHPSUH\FXDQGRVHDFHSWHTXH
KD\DOJ~QYtQFXORHQWUHDPERVH[WUHPRV8VXDOPHQWHXQRGHHVWRVSRORVHVUHOHJDGRDXQVHJXQGRSODQRHQ
GHSHQGHQFLDFRQHORWUR$OUHVSHFWRSXHGHQGDUVHGRVRSFLRQHVH[WUHPDVDRELHQVHGLFHTXHODVGHFLVLRQHV
MXGLFLDOHVQR VRQ PiVTXH XQD PHUDUHSHWLFLyQ LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD GHODV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV FRQ OR
(Q FXDQWRDORV SDUDOHOLVPRVFRPRPpWRGR FRQWUDVWLYRVHKD HOHJLGRHVWD ¿JXUDGDGRTXH LPSOLFDXQDFRQWLQXDGD LJXDOGDGGH
GLVWDQFLDHQWUH SXQWRVOtQHDV RSODQRVHV GHFLUVL ELHQODHTXLGLVWDQFLD VLHPSUHVH PDQWLHQHH[LVWHQ FRUUHVSRQGHQFLDVHQWUHORV
HOHPHQWRVFRPSDUDGRV 'HHVWD PDQHUDHVWD ¿JXUDHV ODPiV DGHFXDGDSDUD GDUFXHQWD GHOD E~VTXHGDGH VHPHMDQ]DVHQWUH ORV
REMHWRVGHHVWXGLRGHODOLQJtVWLFD\ODGLVFLSOLQDMXUtGLFD HQVXYHUWLHQWHQRUPDWLYD&IUREAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA©3DUDOHOLVPRª
'LFFLRQDULRGHODOHQJXDHVSDxRODHG0DGULG(VSDVD\REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA©3DUDOHORª'LFFLRQDULRGHODOHQJXD
HVSDxRODHG0DGULG (VSDVD1RVHSUHWHQGH HOVRODSDPLHQWRGHODVWpFQLFDV GHDQiOLVLVOLQJtVWLFRFRQODV GHOFDPSR
MXUtGLFRHVWDWpFQLFDGHDERUGDMHOLQJtVWLFRGHORVHQXQFLDGRVMXUtGLFRVVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQORTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVKDQGHQRPLQDGR
MXULVOLQJtVWLFD o OLQJLVWLTXHMXULGLTXHDOUHVSHFWRYHUCORNU*pUDUG/LQJXLVWLTXHMXULGLTXHHG3DUtV0RQWFKUHVWLHQ
VLQRODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHFDWHJRUtDVDQDOtWLFDVDQiORJDVDODVXWLOL]DGDVSRUODOLQJtVWLFDSDUDTXHODGLVFLSOLQDMXUtGLFDOOHYHDFDERHO
HVWXGLRGHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDV
(VWHDUWtFXOR VHHQPDUFDHQXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ PiVDPSOLDWHQGLHQWHD HIHFWXDUXQDVHULHGH SDUDOHOLVPRVHQWUHODOLQJtVWLFD\ OD
FLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRHQWRUQRDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVXVREMHWRVGLVFLSOLQDUHV\DORVDERUGDMHVWHyULFRVTXHFDGDXQDKDFHGHHOORV
8Q HMHPSORGH HVWHWLSR GHFRQWUDVWH ORRIUHFH /pYL6WUDXVVTXLHQDSXQWy TXHHQWUH ODVGLVFLSOLQDV VRFLDOHVVROR ODOLQJtVWLFD
SXHGHVHU FRQFHELGD FRPRXQD FLHQFLDD ODPLVPD DOWXUD TXHODV FLHQFLDVH[DFWDV \ODV QDWXUDOHV GDGRTXH DGLIHUHQFLD GHVXV
FRPSDxHUDVGHFDWHJRUtD\DVHPHMDQ]DGHHVWDV~OWLPDVWLHQHXQREMHWRXQLYHUVDOSUHVHQWHHQWRGRVORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVXQPpWRGR
KRPRJpQHRDSOLFDEOHDFXDOTXLHUOHQJXDSDUWLFXODU\TXHGHVFDQVDVREUHSULQFLSLRVFX\DYDOLGH]HVUHFRQRFLGDXQiQLPHPHQWHSRUORV
HVSHFLDOLVWDV(OUHVWRGHODVOODPDGDVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVQRFXPSOLUtDQHVWDVFRQGLFLRQHV\VHHQFRQWUDUtDQHQXQHVWDGRSUHFLHQWt¿FR
\VLVHODVGHVLJQDPHGLDQWHHOPLVPRWpUPLQRRVHDHOGHcienciaHVVRORSRUXQD¿FFLyQVHPiQWLFD\XQDHVSHUDQ]D¿ORVy¿FD&IU
LÉVI-STRAUSS&ODXGH ©&ULWHULDRIVFLHQFH LQWKH VRFLDODQGKXPDQ GLVFLSOLQHVª5HYXHLQWHUQDWLRQDOH GHVVFLHQFHV VRFLDOHVYRO
;9,Q~PSS\LÉVI-STRAUSS&ODXGH©8QDHQFXHVWDGLItFLOª(O&RUUHRGHOD81(6&2&ODXGH/HYL6WUDXVV
miradas distantesQ~PSS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 39
FXDOVHQLHJDWRGDVXULTXH]D\VHUHVWDUHOHYDQFLDDODODERUMXGLFLDOERELHQVHFUHHTXHHORUGHQDPLHQWR
MXUtGLFR\ ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVTXHOR FRPSRQHQQRH[LVWHQSOHQDPHQWHVLQR DWUDYpV VXPDQLIHVWDFLyQHQ
ODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVORTXHWUDQVIRUPDHOVLVWHPDHQXQFRQMXQWR GHHQXQFLDGRVVXSHUÀXRV RPHURV\
SRVLEOHVDX[LOLDUHVGHOUD]RQDPLHQWRMXGLFLDO
'HDFXHUGRFRQORGLFKRHOSUREOHPDSXHGHVHUGH¿QLGRHQORVVLJXLHQWHVWpUPLQRVODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRQR
KDORJUDGRFRPSUHQGHUVDWLVIDFWRULDPHQWHVXREMHWRFRPRXQWRGRTXHLQWHJUDWDQWRHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR
\ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVTXHORFRPSRQHQFRPRODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVRFRPRXQWRGRTXHSXHGHH[SOLFDU
JOREDOPHQWH\DXQDUORVUROHVTXHRFXSDHOVLVWHPDGHQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVHQODYLGDGHOGHUHFKR\OD
ULTXH]DGHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVHQHOSODQRPiVFRQFUHWR\SUiFWLFR
(VWDHQXQFLDFLyQGHOSUREOHPDSRQHGHPDQL¿HVWRODFXHVWLyQUHVSHFWRGHFXiOHVHOUROTXHFXPSOHHOVDEHU
MXUtGLFRSUiFWLFR\ORVRSHUDGRUHVTXHORSRQHQHQPDUFKDHQUHODFLyQFRQODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV\HO
RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRTXHHOODVFRQIRUPDQHVWRHVVLVRORGHEHQUHDOL]DUXQDGHGXFFLyQOyJLFDFUHDGRUDGH
QRUPDVMXUtGLFDVLQGLYLGXDOHVTXHQDGDDJUHJXHQDODYLGDGHOGHUHFKRRVLWLHQHQXQDIXQFLyQSURWDJyQLFD
en la atribución de sentidos y en la concreción de un reparto aun cuando su actuación se enmarque en los
SUHFHSWRVQRUPDWLYRVJHQHUDOHV
$OGHVFULELUVHHVWHSUREOHPDVHKDKHFKRPHQFLyQDGLVWLQWDVFXHVWLRQHVTXHFRQFXUUHQDVXJHQHUDFLyQ$
HIHFWRVGHH[SOLFLWDUODVSXHGHGHFLUVHTXH
 H[LVWHQDOPHQRVGRVH[WUHPRVGLIHUHQWHVTXHVRQDUWLFXODFLRQHVGHOUHSDUWRHORUGHQDPLHQWR
MXUtGLFR\ODV QRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV TXHORFRPSRQHQ SRUXQODGR \ODVGHFLVLRQHV
MXGLFLDOHVSRUHORWUR
 DPERVH[LVWHQ\FRQVWLWX\HQUHDOLGDGHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQWUHVt
 D~QQR H[LVWHFRQVHQVRUHVSHFWRGHFXiO GHHVWRV H[WUHPRVHV HOYHUGDGHURREMHWRGHOD
FLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRHVGHFLUVLDOJXQRWLHQHXQDUHOHYDQFLDSUHSRQGHUDQWH\HQWDOFDVR
FXiO
 WRGDGHFLVLyQ DIDYRU GHXQR GHHVWRVH[WUHPRVUHOHJDDO UHVWDQWHD XQVHJXQGR SODQR\
SUiFWLFDPHQWHORVXEVXPHHQHOVHOHFWR
 UHVXOWD XQ GHVDItR HSLVWHPROyJLFR OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GHO RUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR \ GH ODV
QRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV TXHORFRPSRQHQ SRUXQODGR \GHODV GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV
SRUHO RWURFRPR REMHWRVGLVFLSOLQDUHV TXHVH UHWURDOLPHQWDQ\FRPSOHPHQWDQGHIRUPD
VLPXOWiQHD\HQSLHGHLJXDOGDG
(QFXDQWRDODLGHDGHOVLVWHPDGHQRUPDVFRPRVHxDOD'RXJODV3ULFHQRH[LVWHXQLIRUPLGDGUHVSHFWRGHHVWH
FRQFHSWRDSOLFDGRDOGHUHFKR$VtODGLVWLQFLyQSULQFLSDOVLJXHVLHQGRODFRQIXVLyQHQWUHHOFRQFHSWRsistema
HQWHQGLGRFRPRXQFRQMXQWRGHHQXQFLDGRVHVGHFLUFRPRDSDUDWROyJLFRFRQFHSWXDODFHSFLyQXVXDOHQOD
GRJPiWLFD\HQODWHRUtDJHQHUDOGHOGHUHFKRRELHQFRPRVLVWHPDVRFLDOFRQODVGLIHUHQWHVFRPSUHQVLRQHV
TXHWDOH[SUHVLyQVHKDQUHDOL]DGRHQODVRFLRORJtD\HQODSVLFRORJtD
8QD HQXPHUDFLyQ QR H[KDXVWLYD GH ORV GLVWLQWRV XVRV TXH KD DGTXLULGR HO WpUPLQR sistema en el campo
MXUtGLFRODUHDOL]D%DUEHULVTXLHQVHxDODORVVLJXLHQWHVFRPRVLVWHPDWL]DFLyQH[WUtQVHFDGHOGHUHFKRTXH
VHREWHQtDUHGXFLHQGR ODV QRUPDVD XQRV SULQFLSLRV PX\JHQHUDOHV DFHSFLyQ SURSLDGHOLXVUDFLRQDOLVPR
del siglo XVIIIFRPRHO~QLFRRUGHQLQWUtQVHFRGHOGHUHFKR\FRPRHOSULPHURHQSRQHUHQFRQH[LyQORV
LQVWLWXWRVMXUtGLFRVVXUJLGRVGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVRFLDO PLVPRVHQWLGRSURSLR GHODSDQGHFWtVWLFD DOHPDQD
del siglo XIX FRPRXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHVHVLUYHGHQRUPDVSHURTXHQRVHUHGXFHDHOODV
DFHSFLyQ DWULEXLGD SRU ODV WHRUtDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH D SDUWLU GH 6DQWL 5RPDQR  FRPR
XQRUGHQ TXHUHJXODVX SURSLDFUHDFLyQ HVWRHVXQ RUGHQDPLHQWRGLQiPLFR FDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUHO KHFKRGH
DXWRUUHJXODUVXSURSLDSURGXFFLyQ\DSOLFDFLyQVHQWLGRDGRSWDGRSRU.HOVHQ\FRPRVXEVLVWHPDVRFLDO
FDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUVHUIiFWLFRDFHSFLyQSURSLDGHODVRFLRORJtDGHOGHUHFKR
&IUDOUGLAS PRICE, -RUJH(GXDUGR/DGHFLVLyQMXGLFLDO6DQWD)H5XELQ]DO&XO]RQLS
&IUBARBERIS0DXUR ©(VWUXFWXUD\GLQiPLFD GHORVVLVWHPDV MXUtGLFDVª'R[D&XDGHUQRVGH )LORVRItDGHO'HUHFKR >$OLFDQWH
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 40
3RURWURODGRHO DSRUWHGH$OFKRXUUyQ\%XO\JLQHQVXVWUDEDMRVFRQMXQWRVHLQGLYLGXDOHVHVLQVRVOD\DEOH
SRUFXDQWRVHKDQRFXSDGRGHODVQRUPDVFRPRHQXQFLDGRVQRUPDWLYRV\KDQIRFDOL]DGRVXDWHQFLyQHQODV
QRUPDVFRPRLQWHJUDQWHVGHORVVLVWHPDVQRUPDWLYRVGHVGHXQHQIRTXHOyJLFR3DUWHQHVWRVDXWRUHVGHOKHFKR
GHTXHODWHRUtDSXUDGHOGHUHFKRKDUHYHODGRODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVFRPRHVWUXFWXUDVOyJLFDVTXHLPSXWDQXQD
VDQFLyQD XQDQWHFHGHQWH OyJLFR'H HVWDPDQHUD ODVQRUPDV MXUtGLFDVTXH QRDFDUUHDQ VDQFLRQHVTXHGDQ
UHOHJDGDVDXQ VHJXQGR SODQR \VX MXULGLFLGDG GHSHQGH GHODV QRUPDV SULPDULDV RLQGHSHQGLHQWHV (VWD
FRQFHSFLyQNHOVHQLDQD KDVLGRFULWLFDGD \DPSOLDPHQWH VXSHUDGD$O SDUWLUGH HVWDSRVWXUD $OFKRXUUyQ\
%XO\JLQVRVWLHQHQTXHSDUDODWHRUtDPRQLVWDODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVUHVSRQGHQDXQHVTXHPDXQLIRUPHSRUOR
TXHODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRGHEHUtDSRGHUGDUFXHQWDGHODGLYHUVLGDGGHHQXQFLDGRVTXHFRQIRUPDQORVFXHUSRV
OHJDOHV3HURQR WRGRVORVHQXQFLDGRV TXH¿JXUDQHQWDOHVWH[WRVVRQQRUPDWLYRV HQHOVHQWLGRGHH[SUHVDU
QRUPDV GH FRQGXFWD FRQ SUHVFULSFLyQ GH DFFLRQHV QL WRGRV ORV TXH VRQ QRUPDWLYRV LPSRQHQ VDQFLRQHV
/DFRQFHSFLyQNHOVHQLDQDVDOYDUtDHVWH HVFROORDOVRVWHQHU TXHODVQRUPDV QRLQGHSHQGLHQWHVVRQMXUtGLFDV
JUDFLDVD VXFRQH[LyQHVHQFLDOFRQODV QRUPDVVDQFLRQDGRUDV 3RUOR WDQWRORVDXWRUHVDQDOL]DGRVVHxDODQ
TXHODQRUPDMXUtGLFDVH GH¿QHVLVWpPLFDPHQWHR VHDGHVGH HORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR 'HHVWDPDQHUDHO
RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR VHFRQIRUPD FRQGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHHQXQFLDGRV SUHVFULSWLYRVDOJXQRV GHORV FXDOHV
GHEHQVHUVDQFLRQDGRUHV/DQRUPD MXUtGLFDHVWRGD QRUPDLQWHJUDQWHGHXQVLVWHPD MXUtGLFR&DEHDFODUDU
TXHHQWUHORVHQXQFLDGRVTXHFRPSRQHQHOVLVWHPDVHHQFXHQWUDQHQXQFLDGRVMXUtGLFRVQRQRUPDWLYRVFRPR
ORVTXHHVWDEOHFHQGH¿QLFLRQHVRSRVWXODGRVGHVLJQL¿FDFLyQ\ODVOODPDGDVQRUPDVGHURJDWRULDV
$KRUDELHQWUDVPDQLIHVWDUHVWDFRPSOHMLGDGGHOXVRGHOWpUPLQRVLVWHPDMXUtGLFR, cabe otra pregunta de no
PHQRUUHOHYDQFLD ¢TXpVRQ ODVQRUPDV MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV" 8QDSULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQD ODGH¿QLFLyQ GH
HVWDVGHULYD HQTXHVRQDTXHOODVSUHVFULSFLRQHV GHVWLQDGDVD UHJLUXQ Q~PHURLQGHWHUPLQDGRGHDFWRVD OR
ODUJRGHOWLHPSRGHVXYLJHQFLD\TXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDQFLUFXQVFULSWDVSDUDSURGXFLUHIHFWRVHQXQVRORFDVR
RFRQMXQWRGHFDVRVOLPLWDGRVHVWDEOHFLGRVSHQVDGRVRGHWHUPLQDGRVDSULRUtVWLFDPHQWH'HHVWDIRUPDODV
QRUPDVJHQHUDOHVVRQ HOIXQGDPHQWRGH ODV QRUPDVMXUtGLFDV LQGLYLGXDOHV HODERUDGDVSRU ORV MXHFHVDQWH
VXGHEHU GHGHFLGLU FRQIRUPHDO RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR \IUHQWH DKHFKRV FRQFUHWRV/DVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDV
LQGLYLGXDOHVVHJ~QHVWDFRQFHSFLyQVRQDTXHOODVTXH FRQWHPSODQXQFDVRSDUWLFXODU \VRORDpOOHRWRUJDQ
VHQWLGRDODOX]GHOPDUFRQRUPDWLYRJHQpULFR\GHRWUDVIXHQWHVGHMXULGLFLGDG
'HQWURGHHVWDOtQHDSRUHMHPSOR0RUHVR\9LODMRVDQDH[SOLFDQTXHORVFDVRVJHQpULFRVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRU
XQDSURSLHGDGTXHSHUPLWHLGHQWL¿FDUXQDFODVHGHSHUVRQDVREMHWRVDFFLRQHVRHVWDGRVGHFRVDVPLHQWUDV
TXHSRUVXODGRORVFDVRVLQGLYLGXDOHVH[LVWHQHQXQWLHPSR\HVSDFLRGHWHUPLQDGRVVRQSHUVRQDVREMHWRV
DFFLRQHVRHVWDGRVGHFRVDVFRQFUHWRV3DUDHVWRVDXWRUHVODUHODFLyQTXHH[LVWHHQWUHDPERVH[WUHPRVHVOD
PLVPDTXHH[LVWHHQWUHODEODQFXUD\XQSDSHOEODQFR
3RUVXSDUWH*DUFtD0i\QH] contrasta aquellas normas que obligan o facultan a todos los comprometidos
GHQWURGHXQDFODVHFRQWHPSODGDHQHOFRQFHSWRGHODGLVSRVLFLyQQRUPDWLYDFRQDTXHOODVTXHVRORVHDSOLFDQ
D XQR R YDULRV PLHPEURV LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH GHWHUPLQDGRV GH OD FODVH GHVLJQDGD SRU HO FRQFHSWR GH ORV
SUHFHSWRVJHQHUDOHV
$OUHVSHFWR WDPELpQ+HUQiQGH] 0DUtQVHxDODTXHODVQRUPDV MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV VRQHQXQFLDGRV TXHVH
UH¿HUHQDXQ Q~PHUR LOLPLWDGRGH LQGLYLGXRV \ODV LQGLYLGXDOHV VRQHQXQFLDGRVTXH VHUH¿HUHQD XQR R
PiVLQGLYLGXRVGHWHUPLQDGRV'HHVWDIRUPDVREUHWRGRHQXQFLDGRLQGLYLGXDO FDEHIRUPXODUXQHQXQFLDGR
JHQHUDOTXHWHQJDHOPLVPRVHQWLGR$VtDPERVHQXQFLDGRVVRQFDVLVLQyQLPRV\HTXLYDOHQWHVHQVLJQL¿FDGR
8QLYHUVLGDGGH $OLFDQWH@Q~P  &DEH GHVWDFDUTXH GHQWUR GHHVWH ~OWLPRJUXSR H[LVWHQ GLYHUVDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV TXH
KDQVHJXLGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHORVGHVDUUROORV GHODWHRUtDJHQHUDOGHORV VLVWHPDVGH/XKPDQQ3DUDDPSOLDUYHULUHMANN 1LNODV
6LVWHPDMXUtGLFR\GRJPiWLFDMXUtGLFD0DGULG&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHVDE GIORGI5DIIDHOH&LHQFLDGHO'HUHFKR
\OHJLWLPDFLyQ0p[LFR8QLYHUVLGDG,EHURDPHULFDQD \DOUGLAS PRICE-RUJH(GXDUGR©¢4Xp VLVWHPD"/DLGHDGH³VLVWHPD
MXUtGLFR´\XQD³FRQIXVLyQ´HSLVWHPROyJLFDª,GHDV'HUHFKR>%XHQRV$LUHV$VRFLDFLyQ$UJHQWLQDGH)LORVRItDGHO'HUHFKR@Q~P
SS
$OUHVSHFWRSXHGHFRQVXOWDUVHALCHOURRÓN&DUORV(BULYGIN(XJHQLR,QWURGXFFLyQDODPHWRGRORJtDGHODVFLHQFLDVMXUtGLFDV
\VRFLDOHVUHLPSUHVLyQ%XHQRV$LUHV$VWUHD\ BULYGIN, Eugenio. ©6HQWHQFLDMXGLFLDO\FUHDFLyQGHGHUHFKRª(Q
ALCHOURRÓN&DUORVBULYGIN(XJHQLR$QiOLVLVOyJLFR\'HUHFKR0DGULG&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
&IUMORESO-XDQ-RVpVILAJOSANA-RVHS0DUtD,QWURGXFFLyQDODWHRUtDGHOGHUHFKR0DGULG0DUFLDO3RQVSS
&IUGARCÍA MÁYNEZ, Eduardo,QWURGXFFLyQDO(VWXGLRGHO'HUHFKRHG0p[LFR(G3RUU~DS
&IUHERNÁNDEZ MARÍN5DIDHO,QWURGXFFLyQDODWHRUtDGHODQRUPDMXUtGLFD0DGULG0DUFLDO3RQVS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 41
6LQHPEDUJR OD~OWLPD D¿UPDFLyQHV GXGRVD6L VHRSWD SRUHULJLU HORUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR\ ODVQRUPDV
MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHORFRQIRUPDQHQHOREMHWRSULQFLSDO\VXEVXPLUODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVDXQDPHUD
UHSHWLFLyQ\ DSOLFDFLyQGHOD SULPHUDFRQ ODVGHWHUPLQDFLRQHVGHO FDVRFRQFUHWR QXHYDVFRPSOHMLGDGHVVH
plantean, especialmente porque no pueden comprenderse satisfactoriamente aquellos casos en los que una
GHFLVLyQMXGLFLDO GLVFUHSDFRQHOVHQWLGRFRQVROLGDGR RDWULEXLGR DOD QRUPDJHQHUDOKDVWDFLHUWDLQVWDQFLD
temporal, ni tampoco aquellos casos en los que la sentencia brinda una solución que se aparta del marco
MHUiUTXLFDPHQWHVXSHULRURORHQULTXHFHGHDOJXQDPDQHUD3RUHMHPSORSXHGHRFXUULUTXHHQXQDVHQWHQFLD
XQMXH]GHWHUPLQHFRQFHSWRVVROXFLRQHSUREOHPDVSURSLRVGHOOHQJXDMHFRPRODDPELJHGDGODYDJXHGDGR
ODWH[WXUDDELHUWDGHORVWpUPLQRVFRQORVTXHXQDQRUPDKDVLGRHODERUDGDFRPSOHWHODJXQDVGHORUGHQDPLHQWR
MXUtGLFRFUHHH[FHSFLRQHVQRFRQWHPSODGDVHQODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVSRUTXHODDXWRULGDGQRUPDWLYD
QRKDSRGLGRSUHYHUHOFDVRRUHFXUUDDODHTXLGDGHQSRVGHFRUUHJLUXQUHVXOWDGRTXHHYHQWXDOPHQWHVHUtD
LQMXVWRDODOX]GHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVSDUWLFXODUHVGHOFDVRFRQFUHWR
(QFRQWUDSRVLFLyQFRQ OR FRPHQWDGRVLVH FRQFLEHQ ODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV FRPR HOREMHWRGLVFLSOLQDU
SURWDJyQLFRODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVUHVXOWDQUHOHJDGDVDOSDSHOGHDX[LOLDUHVTXHLQVSLUDQHOFRQWHQLGR
GH ODV MHUiUTXLFDPHQWH LQIHULRUHV VLQ VHU YLQFXODQWHV (Q HVWH FDVR OD LQIHULRULGDG MHUiUTXLFD VROR VH
GHWHUPLQDUtDHQUHODFLyQFRQODSRVLFLyQHQODFOiVLFDLOXVWUDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDQRUPDWLYRNHOVHQLDQRGH0HUNO
TXHSUHVHQWDHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRFRPRXQDSLUiPLGHFRQJUDGDVHVFDORQDGDV\QRSRUODH[LVWHQFLDGH
XQDYLQFXODWRULHGDGGHOFRQWHQLGRGHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVGHJUDGDVVXSHULRUHV(VWRUHVXHOYHORVSUREOHPDV
H[SXHVWRVHQORVSiUUDIRVSUHFHGHQWHVSHURQRORJUDGDUFXHQWDGHODUHOHYDQFLDUHDOHLQQHJDEOHTXHWLHQHQ
ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV
(VWD SRVWXUD SRU HMHPSOR VH DFHUFD DO UHDOLVPR MXUtGLFR HVWDGRXQLGHQVH TXH SURSXJQD TXH HO GHUHFKR
VHFRPSRQH GHORVSUHFHGHQWHV MXGLFLDOHV\ TXHOD WDUHDGHO MXULVWDLPSOLFDOD SUHGLFFLyQDFHUFD GHFyPR
VHQWHQFLDUiQ ORV MXHFHV IUHQWH D FLHUWRV FDVRV /D DFWLWXG UHDOLVWD MXUtGLFD HVWDGRXQLGHQVH D¿UPD TXH ORV
MXHFHVRORVyUJDQRVDSOLFDGRUHVVLHQWHQHOGHUHFKRFXDQGRVHHQIUHQWDQD XQFDVRFRQFUHWR\DOLQWHUSUHWDU
ORVKHFKRVUHDOL]DQXQDFWRGHFUHDWLYLGDGSHUVRQDOUHVSHFWRWDQWRDOGHUHFKROHJLVODGRFRPRDORVSULQFLSLRV
VXUJLGRVGHORVSUHFHGHQWHV
3HURWDPELpQHQHOPDUFRGHXQDSRVWXUDQRSRVLWLYLVWDRWUDQVSRVLWLYLVWD$OH[\VHxDODTXHFRQIRUPHDXQD
Pi[LPDUHVWULFWLYDUHVSHFWRGHORVSUREOHPDVTXHFRQFLHUQHQDOD¿ORVRItDGHOGHUHFKRSUHJXQWDUDFHUFDGHO
HVWDWXVRQWROyJLFRGHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVHVWDQFDUHQWHGHLPSRUWDQFLDFRPRSDUDORVJHyJUDIRVSUHJXQWDUVH
DFHUFDGH OD H[LVWHQFLDUHDO R LPDJLQDULDGH XQDPRQWDxDHQ ÈIULFDTXH KDQ FRQWHPSODGRH LGHQWL¿FDGR
3HURLQGLFD HOSURIHVRUGH OD8QLYHUVLGDG GH.LHO ODUHVSXHVWDD ODSUHJXQWD VREUHODV QRUPDVWLHQHXQD
VLJQL¿FDFLyQGLVWLQWDSDUDORVMXULVWDVDDTXHOODTXHVHSUHVHQWySDUDORVJHyJUDIRVSXHVWRTXHGHWHUPLQDOD
UHVSXHVWDDRWURLQWHUURJDQWHVREUHHOTXHKDFHUMXUtGLFR(VWHHVVLODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVSXHGHQVHUFRQFHELGDV
FRPRHOHPHQWRVGHXQVLVWHPDGHLQIHUHQFLDV\SRUWDQWRFRPRSXQWRGHSDUWLGDGHDUJXPHQWRVRVLVRQVROR
HOHPHQWRVTXHLQWHJUDQXQDUHGFDXVDO$VXYH]HVWR~OWLPRWLHQHXQDLQFLGHQFLDGLUHFWDHQODFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
GHVLHOUD]RQDPLHQWRSUiFWLFRRULHQWDGRKDFLDODFRUUHFFLyQWLHQHRQRDOJ~QVHQWLGR
3RURWURODGR%HUQDOHQWLHQGHSRUGHFLVLyQMXGLFLDOHODFWRSRUHOFXDOXQMXH]VROXFLRQDXQFDVRFRQFUHWR
GHDFXHUGRFRQHOGHUHFKRHQHMHUFLFLRGHODDXWRULGDGTXHHO(VWDGR\HOVLVWHPDMXUtGLFROHFRQ¿HUHQ©(Q
XQDGHFLVLyQMXGLFLDOHOMXH]GLFHDOJRDFHUFDGHO'HUHFKRGHORVKHFKRVGHOFDVR\GHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXH
HOVLVWHPDMXUtGLFROHLPSXWDDODVSDUWHVª
&IUCUETO RÚA-XOLR&pVDU©/DMXULVSUXGHQFLDVRFLROyJLFDQRUWHDPHULFDQDª$QXDULRGH¿ORVRItDMXUtGLFD\VRFLDO%XHQRV$LUHV
$VRFLDFLyQ$UJHQWLQDGH'HUHFKR&RPSDUDGR$EHOHGR3HUURWSS\ÁLVAREZ GARDIOL$ULHO0DQXDOGH¿ORVRItDGHO
derecho%XHQRV$LUHV(GLWRULDO$VWUHDSS
(VWDGHQRPLQDFLyQGH©WUDQVSRVLWLYLVWDªHVWRPDGDGH0DVVLQL&RUUHDVTXLHQODXWLOL]DSDUDGHQRPLQDUDVtDWRGDVODVSRVLFLRQHV
RGRFWULQDV¿ORVy¿FDVTXH QRDFHSWDQODWHVLV FHQWUDOGHOSRVLWLYLVPRMXUtGLFRHQ VHQWLGRHVWULFWRDFHUFDGH ODUHGXFFLyQGHWRGROR
MXUtGLFRDOGHUHFKRSRVLWLYR 'HQWURGHHVWHPDUFRLQFOX\H DODVSRVWXUDVMXVQDWXUDOLVWDVHQVHQWLGR HVWULFWR\DODVFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDV
&IUMASSINI CORREAS&DUORV,JQDFLR(OGHUHFKRQDWXUDO\VXVGLPHQVLRQHVDFWXDOHV%XHQRV$LUHV(GLWRULDOÈEDFRSS

&IUALEXY5REHUW(OFRQFHSWR\ODQDWXUDOH]DGHOGHUHFKR>7UDGGH&DUORV%HUQDO3XOLGR@0DGULG0DUFLDO3RQV
BERNAL&DUORV/©8QDQiOLVLVGHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVFRQEDVHHQODWHRUtDGHORVDFWRVGHKDEODª(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORIOHJDO
VWXGLHVYRO Q~PS (VWDYHUVLyQHV XQDWUDGXFFLyQUHDOL]DGDSRU HODXWRUFRQOD FRODERUDFLyQGH-RUJH/XLV )DEUD
=DPRUD\&DUROLQD(VWKHU*X]PiQ%XHOYDV(ORULJLQDO©$6SHHFK$FW$QDO\VLVRI-XGLFLDO'HFLVLRQVªHQLGLRPDLQJOpVSXHGHVHU
FRQVXOWDGRHQHOPLVPRQ~PHURYROXPHQ\UHYLVWD
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 42
+DVWDDTXtVHKDQH[SXHVWRWDQVRORDOJXQDV HVFDVDVSRVLFLRQHVHQ UHODFLyQFRQHO WHPDTXHQRDJRWDQODV
RSLQLRQHVTXHVREUHpOVHKDQYHUWLGR/RKHFKRDTXtSUHWHQGHWDQVROREULQGDUXQDSHTXHxDPXHVWUDDFHUFDGH
FyPRVHSRODUL]DQODVSRVLFLRQHVHQWRUQRDOOXJDUTXHRFXSDQODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV\ODVGHFLVLRQHV
MXGLFLDOHVHQ HOSURFHVR GHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ DORVHIHFWRVGHUHDOL]DUXQDSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHOSUREOHPD &RPR
SXHGHQRWDUVHQLQJXQDGHHVWDVRSFLRQHVORJUDSRQHUHQSLHGHLJXDOGDGDPERVH[WUHPRVQRUPDWLYRV\ODV
DSUR[LPDFLRQHVTXHVHUHDOL]DQQRUHVXOWDQSOHQDPHQWHVDWLVIDFWRULDV(OSUREOHPDHQWRQFHVHVHOGHDYHQLU
XQSODQR JHQHUDOFRQHO SDUWLFXODUVLQ QHJDUODVULTXH]DV SURSLDVGH FDGDXQR\ VLQH[FOXLU XQRGHORV GRV
H[WUHPRV7DPELpQHVQHFHVDULRGH¿QLUTXp UROHVRQWROyJLFR\HSLVWHPROyJLFR RFXSDQODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDV
JHQHUDOHV\HO RUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR TXHHOODVFRQIRUPDQ FRPR SODQR DEVWUDFWRDVt FRPR VL HVSRVLEOH
GHVDUUROODUDOJ~QWLSRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRJHQpULFRDSDUWLUGHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVVLHPSUHSDUWLFXODUHV\
GLIHUHQWHVXQDVGH RWUDV\DGHPiVGHVWLQDGDV DUHJLUVREUHXQFDVRFRQFUHWR/DGLIHUHQFLDUDGLFDHQ TXH
DXQFXDQGR WHQJDQ H[DFWDPHQWHHO PLVPRVHQWLGRFRQVWLWX\HQ GHFLVLRQHVSDUWLFXODUHV GHVWLQDGDVDUHJLU
XQFDVR FRQFUHWR 3RUOR WDQWR KDEUiWDQWDV GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVFRPR FDVRVVH KD\DQ UHVXHOWR\ WDQWDV
SDUWLFXODULGDGHVFRPRGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVKD\D
(Q HVWRV WpUPLQRV VH SODQWHD HO SUREOHPD GH OD FLHQFLD GHO GHUHFKR SDUD DERUGDU HO HMH VLVWHPDDFWRV
LQGLYLGXDOHV/DOLQJtVWLFDKDDWUDYHVDGRXQSUREOHPDVHPHMDQWH\DSDUWLUGH6DXVVXUHVLELHQKDQVXUJLGR
P~OWLSOHVUHVSXHVWDVODFLHQWL¿FLGDGGHHVWDGLVFLSOLQDVHHQFXHQWUDDFHSWDGDFRQEDVHHQODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUH
OHQJXD\KDEOD
3 Breve presentación de las proyecciones lingüísticas
(QHVWHDUWtFXORVHSODQWHDXQSDUDOHOLVPRFRQODSRVLFLyQGH6DXVVXUHUHVSHFWRDODOLQJtVWLFD/DVHOHFFLyQ
TXHVHH[SRQHDTXtVHEDVDHQ TXHODLQÀXHQFLDGHO PDHVWURVXL]RKDVLGRHQRUPHHQHOFDPSRGLVFLSOLQDU
pues su &XUVRGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDOHVFRQVLGHUDGRODREUDIXQGDFLRQDOGHODFLHQWL¿FLGDGGHORVHVWXGLRVHQ
FXHVWLyQ\HVHOOLQJLVWDTXHPiVIUHFXHQWHPHQWHKDVLGRLQYRFDGRFLWDGR\RFRPHQWDGRDORODUJRGHOVLJOR
XX.3RUVXSXHVWRODSRVWXUDGH6DXVVXUHKDVLGRDPSOLDPHQWHVXSHUDGDHVSHFLDOPHQWHSRURWURVOLQJLVWDV
FX\RVHVWXGLRVGHULYDURQHQODVKHUUDPLHQWDVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODQiOLVLVGHOGLVFXUVR\HQHOFDPSRGHOD
SUDJPiWLFD
Hasta el siglo XVIIODOHQJXDQRIXHREMHWRGHREVHUYDFLyQ(QORVFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJORXIX, el descubrimiento
GHOViQVFULWRUHYHOy XQDUHODFLyQGHSDUHQWHVFRHQWUHODVOHQJXDV LQGRHXURSHDV/DOLQJtVWLFDVHHODERUDED
HQORVPDUFRVGHODJUDPiWLFDFRPSDUDGDTXHVHKLFLHURQFDGDYH]PiV ULJXURVRVDSDUWLUGHORVKDOOD]JRV
\ DFUHFHQWDPLHQWR GHO GRPLQLR FRJQRVFLWLYR 6LQ HPEDUJR KDVWD ORV SULPHURV GHFHQLRV GHO VLJOR XX, la
OLQJtVWLFD VROR IXH XQD JHQpWLFD GH ODV OHQJXDV SXHV HVWXGLDED OD HYROXFLyQ GH ODV IRUPDV OLQJtVWLFDV
(UDKLVWRULDHYROXWLYD GH ODVOHQJXDV(Q HVWH PDUFR VXUJLHURQLQTXLHWXGHV UHVSHFWR GHODQDWXUDOH]D GHO
KHFKROLQJtVWLFRODUHDOLGDGGH ODOHQJXDHO FDPELRORLQYDULDEOHODLGHQWLGDG GHWUiVGHODV PXWDFLRQHV
ODUHODFLyQHQWUH VRQLGRV\ VHQWLGR /DOLQJtVWLFD KLVWyULFD HUDLQFDSD] GH EULQGDUUHVSXHVWDV SXHVWR TXH
ODUHDOLGDG KLVWyULFDPXHVWUD DOWHUDFLRQHVWDQWRUHVSHFWRGHOVLJQL¿FDQWH FRPRGHO VLJQL¿FDGR Este es el
PD\RUSUREOHPDTXHHQFRQWUDED6DXVVXUHSDUDGHVHQWUDxDUODQDWXUDOH]DGHOVLJQROLQJtVWLFR
La lingüística, en su estadio anterior al actual, consistía en la búsqueda de materiales de comparación y en
ODHODERUDFLyQGHUHSHUWRULRVHSLVWHPROyJLFRV/DFUtWLFDGH6DXVVXUHVHEDVyHQODJUDYHIDOWDGHFDWHJRUtDV
DQDOtWLFDV\FRQFHSWRVFRQORVFXDOHVRSHUDU6LQHOORVODOLQJtVWLFDUHYHODEDODFDUHQFLDGHXQPpWRGR~QLFR
\ODLQVX¿FLHQFLDFRQFHSWXDOTXHSXGLHUDGDUFXHQWDGHORVYDULRVIHQyPHQRVTXHHVWXGLDED(OORHQWDQWRHO
REMHWLYRORFRQVWLWXtDODFRPSDUDFLyQGHOHQJXDV\QRHOHVWXGLRWHyULFRGHOOHQJXDMHRGH VXPDQLIHVWDFLyQ
HQOHQJXDV
&IUBRONCKART-HDQ3DXOBULEA (FDWHULQDBOTA&ULVWLDQ©,QWURGXFWLRQª /HSURMHWGH)HUGLQDQG6DXVVXUH*LQHEUD3DUtV
/LEUDLULH'UR]S
&IUBENVENISTEePLOH©2MHDGDDOGHVHQYROYLPLHQWRGHOD/LQJtVWLFDª(QBENVENISTEePLOH3UREOHPDVGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO
,HG%XHQRV$LUHV6LJOR;;,SS
&IUSAZBÓN-RVp6DXVVXUH\ORVIXQGDPHQWRVGHODOLQJtVWLFD%XHQRV$LUHV&HQWUR(GLWRUGH$PpULFD/DWLQDSS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 43
7UDVOD LUUXSFLyQ GHORV GHEDWHV WHyULFRV²VREUH WRGR LQVSLUDGRVSRUHO &XUVR GHOLQJtVWLFD JHQHUDO de
6DXVVXUH²VHSUHFLVDXQDQXHYDQRFLyQGHODOHQJXD La ruptura que implica el giro saussureano parte de
ODLPSXJQDFLyQGHO HVWDGRSUHFLHQWt¿FRGHHVWHFRQMXQWRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV\GHOD SUHWHQVLyQGHDSXQWDUD
XQDVLVWHPDWL]DFLyQ\ WHRUL]DFLyQGHORV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV&RQ6DXVVXUHVHLQDXJXUDODHWDSDDFWXDOGHOD
OLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO (OORQRLPSOLFDTXHQR KD\DH[LVWLGR HYROXFLyQSRVWHULRUDOJXQDVLQRTXH DSDUWLU GH
ORVIXQGDPHQWRVVDXVVXUHDQRVVHKDGLVFXWLGRDPSOLDPHQWH\VHKDQUHDOL]DGRFUtWLFDVTXHKDQGHULYDGRHQ
QXHYDVWHRUtDV
El legado del &XUVRGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDOVHHQFXHQWUDYLJHQWHHQODVWHRUtDVTXHORVXFHGLHURQVREUHWRGRHQ
WRUQRDODVGLFRWRPtDVGHOHQJXDKDEODVLQFURQtDGLDFURQtD\UHODFLRQHVVLQWDJPiWLFDVUHODFLRQHVDVRFLDWLYDV
\UHVSHFWRDODFRQFHSFLyQGHOVLJQROLQJtVWLFRFRPRHQWLGDGELSOiQLFDFRPSXHVWRSRUXQVLJQL¿FDGR\XQ
VLJQL¿FDQWH(MHPSORVGHHOORVRQODHVFXHODGH3UDJDHQFDEH]DGDSRU7URXEHW]NR\\-DNREVRQODHVFXHOD
GH&RSHQKDJXHUHSUHVHQWDGDSRU+MHOPVOHY\VXJORVHPiWLFD\HQPHQRUJUDGRODHVFXHODDPHULFDQDFRQ
%ORRP¿HOG
$PHGLDGRVGHOVLJORXXDSDUHFHODJUDPiWLFDJHQHUDWLYDGHODPDQRGH&KRPVN\TXLHQVHGHGLFDDOHVWXGLR
VLQFUyQLFRGHODOHQJXD/DWHRUtDGLVWLQJXHHQWUHcompetenciaª\©DFWXDFLyQª\SRQHHODFHQWRHQHOSULPHUR
GH HVWRV FRQFHSWRV FRPR REMHWR FLHQWt¿FR (VWD GLFRWRPtD VH LQVSLUD HQ OD FRQWUDSRVLFLyQ OHQJXDKDEOD
aunque toma la lengua en el sentido humboldtiano de competencia subyacente como un sistema de procesos
JHQHUDWLYRV
&RQWHPSRUiQHRD6DXVVXUH3HLUFHEXVFyFRQVWUXLUXQDWHRUtDGHORVVLJQRVFRPRVHPLyWLFDVREUHODUHDOLGDG
\OD SRVLELOLGDGGHFRQRFHUOD 7RGRSHQVDPLHQWRWUDQVFXUUH DWUDYpVGH ORVVLJQRV HQXQ SURFHVR WUtDGLFR
GHLQIHUHQFLD PHGLDQWHHOFXDODXQ VLJQRrepresentamenVH OHDWULEX\HXQ REMHWRD SDUWLUGH RWURVLJQR
interpretanteTXH DVXYH] UHPLWHDOREMHWR$GHPiVSDUD FRQVWUXLUXQFRQMXQWR GHGH¿QLFLRQHV TXH
GLVWULEX\HUDQODWRWDOLGDGGHORUHDOORFRQFHELGR\ORYLYLGRHQGLVWLQWRVyUGHQHVVtJQLFRV3HLUFHHVWDEOHFLy
XQDWULSOHGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHVtPERORVLFRQRVHLQGLFLRV(QORTXHUHVSHFWDDODOHQJXD3HLUFHQROHSUHVWy
PD\RUDWHQFLyQSXHVWRTXHHVWDVHUHGXFHDSDODEUDVTXHVRQVtPERORV\DYHFHVLQGLFLRV
(OPD\RU SUREOHPDTXH HQIUHQWD3HLUFH HVHOGH¿MDUXQD SULPHUDUHODFLyQ GHVLJQR HQDOJ~Q SXQWR3DUD
UHVROYHU HVWH REVWiFXOR GHEH H[LVWLU XQD GLIHUHQFLD HQ DOJ~Q SXQWR HQWUH HO VLJQR \ OR VLJQL¿FDGR /D
FRQGLFLyQGH VLJQL¿FDQFLDGH ORVVLJQRV VHGD HQVX FRPSUHQVLyQGHQWUR GHXQ VLVWHPD/D FUtWLFDTXH VH
IRUPXODDHVWD LGHDVHEDVDHQ TXHORVVLJQRVSXHGHQSDUWLFLSDUGHYDULRV VLVWHPDV\HQFDGDXQR GHHOORV
KDEUtDTXHH[SOLFLWDUOD UHODFLyQGHGLIHUHQFLD\DQDORJtD(VWHLQFRQYHQLHQWHSRGUtDVROXFLRQDUVH mediante
HOUHFXUVR DODOLQJtVWLFD GH6DXVVXUH TXHWLHQHHQWUH VXVIXQFLRQHV ODGHGH¿QLUVHDVt PLVPDGHQWURGHO
VLVWHPDGHODOHQJXD
2WUDFUtWLFDSRVWHULRU DFHUFD GH ORVSRVWXODGRV UHVSHFWR GH ORVVLJQRVOD IRUPXOD %HQYHQLVWH SDUDTXLHQ
OD FRQFHSFLyQ VtJQLFD HV XQ PXQGR FHUUDGR SXHV GHO VLJQR D OD IUDVH QR H[LVWH WUDQVLFLyQ DOJXQD (VWH
autor propugna la superación del signo saussureano como principio único determinante de la estructura
\IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHOD OHQJXD(OOR VHORJUDUtDDWUDYpVGH GRVYtDV XQDQiOLVLV LQWUDOLQJtVWLFRTXH DEUD
ODVLJQL¿FDQFLD GLVFXUVLYD\ XQDQiOLVLV WUDQVOLQJtVWLFRGH ORVWH[WRV FRQVWUXLGRVREUH ODVHPiQWLFD GHOD
HQXQFLDFLyQ
&IUBENVENISTE, RSFLWSS
&IUSAZBÓN, RSFLWpp
&IULÓPEZ MARTÍNEZ0DUtD,VDEHO HERNÁNDEZ SÁNCHEZ(XODOLD ©3UR\HFFLyQGLDFUyQLFD GHO&XUVR GH/LQJtVWLFD*HQHUDOª
7RQRV'LJLWDO5HYLVWDHOHFWUyQLFDGHHVWXGLRV¿OROyJLFRV>0XUFLD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0XUFLD@Q~PQRYLHPEUH
&IU,ELGHP
&IUVITALE$OHMDQGUD(OHVWXGLRGHORVVLJQRV3LHUFH\6DXVVXUH%XHQRV$LUHV(XGHEDSS
&IUBENVENISTEePLOH©6HPLRORJtDGHODOHQJXDª(QBENVENISTEePLOH3UREOHPDVGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO,,HG%XHQRV
$LUHV6LJOR;;,SS
&IU,GHP,S
&IU,GHPSS
&IU,GHPSS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 44
3DUD%HQYHQLVWHHOREMHWRGHODOLQJtVWLFD²FRPRVHPHQFLRQyHQHOLQLFLRGHHVWHDSDUWDGR²ORFRQVWLWX\HQ
WDQWRHOOHQJXDMHFRPRODOHQJXD(OSULPHURTXHUHSUHVHQWDODIDFXOWDGKXPDQDGHVLPEROL]DUHVXQPHGLR
UHSURGXFWRU GHO PXQGR FDQDOL]DGRU GH SHQVDPLHQWRV \ TXH SRVLELOLWD OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ LQWHUVXEMHWLYD
$VLPLVPRHOOHQJXDMHVHUHDOL]DVLHPSUHHQXQDOHQJXDTXHHVXQDHVWUXFWXUDOLQJtVWLFDGH¿QLGD\SDUWLFXODU
LQVHSDUDEOHGHODVRFLHGDGWDPELpQHVSHFt¿FD
(QRWURRUGHQGHLGHDVVHJ~Q&RVHULXODOLQJtVWLFDHVODFLHQFLDTXHHVWXGLDHOOHQJXDMHKXPDQRDUWLFXODGR
HQJHQHUDO\HQODVIRUPDVHVSHFt¿FDVHQTXHVHUHDOL]D²HVGHFLUHQORVDFWRVOLQJtVWLFRV\HQODOHQJXD²
(QWRQFHVH[LVWHQ WUHVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDVFRQFRQWHQLGR OLQJtVWLFRXQD XQLYHUVDORWUD KLVWyULFD\
SRU ~OWLPR XQD LQGLYLGXDO (O OHQJXDMH HV XQ VLVWHPD GH VLJQRV TXH SHUPLWH FRPXQLFDU LGHDV HQWUH GRV
LQGLYLGXRV(QHO OHQJXDMH DUWLFXODGRVHGLVWLQJXHQ D JUDQGHV UDVJRVDO PHQRV GRV UHDOLGDGHVHO DFWR
OLQJtVWLFR\ODOHQJXDHOVLVWHPDDOTXHFRUUHVSRQGHHODFWR(VWD~OWLPDHVXQDUHDOL]DFLyQKXPDQDGHOD
IDFXOWDGGHOOHQJXDMH\QRVHSUHVHQWDXQLIRUPHPHQWH VLQRTXHSRUHOFRQWUDULRVHUHYHODEDMRQXPHURVDV
IRUPDVKLVWyULFDV(VWROOHYDDOOLQJLVWDUXPDQRDVHxDODUTXHHQUHDOLGDGODOHQJXDHQVtPLVPDQRH[LVWH
SXHVWRTXH VRORVH SXHGHQYHUL¿FDU DFWRVOLQJtVWLFRV(QWRQFHVODOHQJXDHVXQD DEVWUDFFLyQXQ VLVWHPD
GHLVRJORVDV FRQYHQFLRQDOPHQWHDFHSWDGDV )LQDOPHQWHORVDFWRVOLQJtVWLFRVVRQDTXHOORVTXH H[SUHVDQ
\FRPXQLFDQ DOJRHQWUH LQGLYLGXRV\GL¿HUHQ HQFDGD VXMHWRH LQFOXVRHQ FDGDXQRGH HOORVHQ GLVWLQWRV
WLHPSRV
3RURWURODGRHQHOFDPSRGHOD¿ORVRItDGHOOHQJXDMHJUDQSDUWHGHODDWHQFLyQKDVLGRFDSWDGDSRUHODQiOLVLV
GHWLSRSUDJPiWLFRVREUHWRGRDSDUWLUGHORVHVWXGLRVGH$XVWLQ6HDUOH\:LWWJHQVWHLQ3RUVXSXHVWRDO
UHVSHFWRQRKDVLGRPHQRUHOLPSDFWRGHODVWHRUtDV¿ORVy¿FDVGH5RUW\\'HUULGD
$XVWLQH[SOLFDTXHH[LVWHQH[SUHVLRQHV TXHVRQ©UHDOL]DWLYDVª HQODVFXDOHVGHFLUDOJR HVKDFHUDOJR$Vt
DQWH XQ HQXQFLDGR HQ XVR SHUIRUPDWLYR GHO OHQJXDMH DSDUHFHQ WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV OD ORFXFLRQDULD HO DFWR
&IUBENVENISTE©2MHDGD«ªRSFLWSS
&IU,GHPp
&IUCOSERIU(XJHQLR,QWURGXFFLyQDODOLQJtVWLFD0DGULG*UHGRVS
&IU,GHPS
&IU,GHPp
&IU,GHPSS
&IU,GHPS
9HUAUSTIN-RKQ/3DODEUDV \DFFLRQHV&yPRKDFHU FRVDVFRQSDODEUDV%XHQRV$LUHV 3DLGyV(MHPSORVGH HVWHWLSR
GHDQiOLVLVTXH VLJXHQORVHVWXGLRVGH HVWDREUDGHHQWUH XQDDPSOLDPXOWLSOLFLGDGVRQ CASAGRANDE$JXVWtQ(OtDV©(O GLVFXUVR
MXUtGLFRDSRUWHVPHWRGROyJLFRVSDUDXQDQiOLVLVVHPLyWLFRGHOGHUHFKRª5HYLVWD'HUHFKR\&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV>/D3ODWD,QVWLWXWRGH
&XOWXUD-XUtGLFD\0DHVWUtDHQ6RFLRORJtD-XUtGLFD)&-\681/3@Q~PDEULOSS\LÓPEZ HERNÁNDEZ-RVp©/DV
QRUPDVMXUtGLFDVFRPRDFWRVLORFXWLYRVFRQFHSWR \FODVHVª$QXDULRGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV1XHYDeSRFDYRO SS
TXHDQDOL]DODVQRUPDVFRPRHQWLGDGHVOLQJtVWLFDVREVHUYDEOHV\DFWRVGHKDEODLORFXWLYRV$OOtVHSURSRQHTXHHOGHUHFKRFRPR
VLVWHPDQRUPDWLYRVH FRPSRQHGHHQXQFLDGRV SUHVFULSWLYRV\QR SUHVFULSWLYRV(Q/D 3ODWD&XFDWWR\ VXJUXSRLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULR
GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQOOHYDDFDERHODQiOLVLV GHOGLVFXUVRMXUtGLFRMXGLFLDOFRQHQIRTXHHQGHWHUPLQDGDVH[SUHVLRQHV\HQ ODSUDJPiWLFD
GHFLHUWRVDFWRVMXUtGLFRVYHU CUCATTO0DULDQD©(OOHQJXDMHMXUtGLFR\VX³GHVFRQH[LyQ´FRQ HOOHFWRUHVSHFLDOLVWD(OFDVRGH ³D
PD\RUDEXQGDPLHQWR´ª /HWUDVGH+RMH >3RUWR$OHJUH@YRO SS \CUCATTO0DULDQD©/D ³FRQH[LyQ´HQODV
VHQWHQFLDVSHQDOHVGHSULPHUDLQVWDQFLD8QDSURSXHVWDGHVGHODOLQJtVWLFDFRJQLWLYDª%ROHWtQGH/LQJtVWLFD>&DUDFDV@YRO;;,9
SS
9HUSEARLE-RKQActos de habla0DGULG&iWHGUDSEARLE-RKQ7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIVRFLDO UHDOLW\1XHYDRUN7KH)UHH
3UHVV
WITTGENSTEIN/XGZLJ7UDFWDWXV lógico-SKLORVRSKLFXV >(GLFLyQELOLQJH7UDGVGH-DFRER 0XxR]H,VLGRUD5HJXHUD@ HG
UHLPS0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO \WITTGENSTEIN/XGZLJ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV ¿ORVy¿FDV>(GLFLyQELOLQJH7UDGGH
$OIRQVR*DUFtD6XiUH] \8OLVHV0RXOLQHV@ HG%DUFHORQD ,QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV ¿ORVy¿FDV81$0$VLPLVPR
UHVSHFWRGHOD¿ORVRItDGH:LWWJHQVWHLQ\VXSRVLEOHWUDVODFLyQDOGHUHFKRFDEHPHQFLRQDUDNARVÁEZ MORA0DULEHO:LWWJHQVWHLQ\
ODWHRUtDGHOGHUHFKR8QDVHQGDSDUDHOFRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRMXUtGLFR0DGULG0DUFLDO3RQV
9HURORTY5LFKDUG/D¿ORVRItD\HOHVSHMRGHODQDWXUDOH]D>7UDGGH-HV~V)HUQiQGH]=XODLFD@HG0DGULG&iWHGUD
y RORTY5LFKDUG(O*LUR/LQJtVWLFR'L¿FXOWDGHV0HWD¿ORVy¿FDVGHOD)LORVRItD/LQJtVWLFD>7UDGGH*DEULHO%HOOR@%DUFHORQD
3DLGyV
8QUHFRQRFLGRH[SRQHQWHGHODFUtWLFDD6DXVVXUHHV'HUULGDTXLHQVHxDOyTXHVLHOVLJQL¿FDGRTXHDFRPSDxDDXQVLJQL¿FDQWHQR
HVXQUHIHUHQWHODFRSUHVHQFLDHQWUHHOHQXQFLDGRU\ODFRVDUHIHUHQFLDGD\DQRHVQHFHVDULD\SRUORWDQWRQRH[LVWHXQDVXSHULRULGDG
HQWUHHOGLVFXUVRSURQXQFLDGRIUHQWHDODFRVD\HOWH[WRHVFULWROHtGRHQVXDXVHQFLD(VWDFUtWLFDHVFDSDDOREMHWRGHHVWHWUDEDMRSRU
lo que, para ampliar, se remite a DERRIDA-DFTXHV'HODJUDPDWRORJtDHGHQHVSDxRO%XHQRV$LUHV0p[LFR6LJOR;;,
DERRIDA-DFTXHV0iUJHQHVGHOD¿ORVRItD0DGULG&iWHGUD\DERRIDA-DFTXHV/DHVFULWXUD\ODGLIHUHQFLD>7UDGGH3DWULFLR
3HxDOYHU@%DUFHORQD$QWKURSRV
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 45
de GHFLU DOJR OD LORFXFLRQDULD OR TXH VH OOHYD D FDER al GHFLU DOJR LQFOX\H OD IXHU]D GH OD H[SUHVLyQ
\ OD SHUORFXFLRQDULD OR TXH VH SURGXFH por GHFLU DOJR (O HIHFWR LORFXWLYR FRQVLVWH HQWRQFHV HQ HO
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRSRUSDUWHGHOGHVWLQDWDULRGHOVLJQL¿FDGR\ODLQWHQFLyQLORFXWLYDGHOHPLVRU Este efecto se
produce en el habla y, por ello, se diferencia del perlocucionario, que se produce porHOKDEOD
3ULQFLSDOPHQWHHQUHODFLyQFRQHOWySLFRGHHVWHDUWtFXORFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHSDUD6HDUOHODVIXQFLRQHVQXQFD
VRQLQWUtQVHFDVDORVREMHWRVVLQRDVLJQDGDVRLPSXHVWDVSRUXVXDULRVFRQVFLHQWHV\SRUORWDQWRUHODWLYDVDO
REVHUYDGRU/DFRPSUHQVLyQGHXQVLJQRQRVHUiFRPSOHWDDQRVHUTXHTXLHQLQWHQWDHQWHQGHUXQVLJQL¿FDGR
VHXELTXH GHQWURGH ODSUiFWLFDVRFLDO HQOD TXHGLFKRV VLJQRVVRQ XVDGRV\ GLOXFLGDGRV(VWRVFRQFHSWRV
DGTXLHUHQVXVHQWLGRHQHOFRQWH[WRLQWHUQRGHXQDSUiFWLFDKXPDQD
6LELHQHOKDEODWDOFRPRHVSHQVDGDSRU6DXVVXUHWLHQHP~OWLSOHVVHPHMDQ]DVFRQORVDFWRVGHKDEODGH6HDUOH
SRUFXDQWR DPEDVWHRUtDVVH UH¿HUHQDO PLVPRIHQyPHQR HQUHDOLGDG H[LVWHQSURIXQGDVGLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH
HVWDVFRQFHSFLRQHV(QSULPHUOXJDUHOOLQJLVWDJLQHEULQRUHOHJDHOKDEODDXQOXJDUVHFXQGDULRSXHVWRTXH
SDUDpOHOREMHWRGHODOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDOORFRQVWLWX\HODOHQJXD(QFDPELR6HDUOHFRQFHQWUDVXDWHQFLyQHQ
ORVDFWRVGHKDEOD3RURWURODGRHVWH~OWLPRLQFRUSRUDGLPHQVLRQHVTXHQRVRQWHQLGDVHQFXHQWDSRUHOVXL]R
SXHVWRTXH KDFH XQIXHUWH KLQFDSLpHQORV DVSHFWRVSUDJPiWLFRV GH ODHQXQFLDFLyQ 6DXVVXUHHQFDPELR
FRQFLEHDOKDEODFRPRXQIHQyPHQRSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHItVLFRGHHQXQFLDFLyQIRQROyJLFD
'HHVWDIRUPDHOOHQJXDMHIRUPDXQVLVWHPDGHFUHHQFLDV\FRQVWUXFFLRQHVVRFLDOHVSURSLRGHXQDFRPXQLGDG
/DFXOWXUDHVWUXFWXUDHOPXQGRKXPDQRFUHDQGRXQDVRFLRHVIHUDTXHKDFHSRVLEOHODYLGDHQUHODFLyQ$VX
YH]ODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOVLJQR VHH[WLHQGHHQWUH ODVFRQFLHQFLDVLQGLYLGXDOHV\ODV XQHSRUHOOR ORVVLJQRV
FRPSOHWDQVX FRQWHQLGRHQHO SURFHVRGH LQWHUDFFLyQVRFLDO(O VLJQL¿FDGRTXH VHDWULEX\HD XQVLJQR HV
XQDLGHDDVRFLDGDXQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQDFHSWDGDTXHXQDFRPXQLGDGUHDOL]DGHDFXHUGRFRQ ODVYDORUDFLRQHV
LPSHUDQWHV3DUDFRPSUHQGHU OR TXHXQ VLJQR VLJQL¿FDHVQHFHVDULR FRQRFHU ODOHQJXD\ FXOWXUD HQTXH
DSDUHFH(O PXQGR\ HOSHQVDPLHQWR HVWiQSUH¿JXUDGRV SRUHO OHQJXDMH\ VRORH[LVWHQ DWUDYpV GHpO (O
OHQJXDMHFXDQGRVHRFXSDGHOPXQGRORHGLWD
$PSOLDQGR HVWD LGHD :LWWJHQVWHLQ DSXQWD TXH VyOR SXHGHQ WUD]DUVH OtPLWHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH ORV
SHQVDPLHQWRV\QRHQORVSHQVDPLHQWRVPLVPRV/RTXHUHVLGHPiVDOOiGHORH[SUHVDEOHHVXQDEVXUGR(VWD
idea del primer Wittgenstein ha sido relegada a un segundo plano cuando el mismo autor apunta la idea de los
©MXHJRVGHOOHQJXDMHª&RQHVWDH[SUHVLyQHORUGHQQHWDPHQWHOLQJtVWLFRHVUHEDVDGRSDUDWRPDUHQFXHQWD
HOFRQWH[WRGHODVDFFLRQHV\ORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODDFWLYLGDGGHKDEODU$VtHOMXHJR
HVXQDDFWLYLGDG VRVWHQLGDSRUYDULRVVXMHWRVFRQIRUPHDFLHUWDV UHJODV/RVMXHJRVGHOOHQJXDMHLPSOLFDQ
TXHFDGDSDUWHGHOSURFHVRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQRFXSHVXUROGHQWURGHXQFLHUWRHVFHQDULRRPDUFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
3DUDTXH ORVHQXQFLDGRV SHUIRUPDWLYRVWHQJDQYDOLGH] ORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV GHEHQDFHSWDU MXJDU\ UHFRQRFHU
H[SOtFLWDRLPSOtFLWDPHQWHODVUHJODVGHOMXHJR3RURWURODGRFRPRHQWRGRMXHJRKD\MXJDGDVSHUPLWLGDV
\RWUDVSURKLELGDV
(VWDVVRQ WDQ VRORFRQWDGDV YHUWLHQWHVGH HQWUH WDQWDVRWUDV TXHGHPXHVWUDQ OD ULTXH]DGH ODVGLVFXVLRQHV
HQHOVHQRGHOD OLQJtVWLFD\OD ¿ORVRItDGHOOHQJXDMH UHVSHFWRGHDOJXQRVGHVXV FRQFHSWRVEiVLFRV(VWRV
&IUAUSTIN, -RKQ/RSFLW
&IULOZANO-RUJHPEÑA MARÍN&ULVWLQDABRIL*RQ]DOR$QiOLVLVGHOGLVFXUVR+DFLDXQDVHPLyWLFDGHOD LQWHUDFFLyQWH[WXDO
0DGULG(G&iWHGUDS
9HUSEARLE-RKQ7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQ«, RSFLW
&IURAITER$OHMDQGUR/HQJXDMH\6HQWLGRFRP~Q/DVEDVHVSDUDOD IRUPDFLyQGHOGLVFXUVRGRPLQDQWH&DS)HG(G%LEORV
S
&IULOTMAN, XUL (VFXHODGH7DUWX6HPLyWLFDGHODFXOWXUD0DGULGHG&iWHGUDS
&IUVOLOSHINOV9DOHQWtQ1LNROiLHYLFK(OPDU[LVPR\OD¿ORVRItDGHOOHQJXDMHHG0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDOS

&IUSCAVINO'DUGR/D)LORVRItD$FWXDO3HQVDUVLQFHUWH]DV%DUFHORQD3DLGyVS
&IUSERNA ARANGO.2SFLWS
&IUWITTGENSTEIN7UDFWDWXV«RSFLWS
&IUWITTGENSTEIN,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV«RSFLW
&IULOZANO-RUJHPEÑA MARÍN&ULVWLQDABRIL*RQ]DOR2SFLWS
&IUSCAVINO'DUGR2SFLWS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 46
VHxDODPLHQWRVVHKDQUHDOL]DGRHQRUGHQDPDQLIHVWDUDOJXQDVGHODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVTXHVHFLHUQHQVREUHORV
OLQJLVWDVDODKRUDGHFRPHQ]DUDFRQVWUXLUXQDEDVHSDUDGLVFXWLUHQWpUPLQRVFLHQWt¿FRV
$PRGRGHVtQWHVLVSXHGHVHxDODUVHTXHIXH6DXVVXUHTXLHQLQDXJXUyODHWDSDDFWXDOGHODOLQJtVWLFD6LELHQ
mucho se ha construido desde la aparición del &XUVRGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO, no cabe duda que el disparador
ORFRQVWLWX\HQORVSRVWXODGRVGHOPDHVWURJLQHEULQR7RGDODOLQJtVWLFDGHOVLJORXX ha transitado el camino
TXHKDPDUFDGRODLPSURQWDGH6DXVVXUH\DTXHHOODFRQVWLWX\HXQSXQWRGHYLVWDSDUDFULWLFDUORVXSHUDUORR
PRGL¿FDUORSHURQXQFDLJQRUDUOR
4 El modelo saussureano
4.1 El sistema y los actos individuales en el planteamiento saussureano
3DUD6DXVVXUHXQDYH]GHVOLQGDGDODODQJXH del langageUHVXOWDQHFHVDULRDQDOL]DUVXUHODFLyQFRQODparole
$VtHOSULPHUUHWRTXHDIURQWDHOOLQJLVWDJLQHEULQRHQUHODFLyQFRQVXGLVFLSOLQDHVODQHFHVLGDGGHKDOODU
XQREMHWRFRQFUHWRGHOLPLWDGRHPStULFR\DVHTXLEOH(QHVWHPDUFRSODQWHDODGLFRWRPtDPHQFLRQDGDTXH
HQWpUPLQRVPiVJHQpULFRVVHLGHQWL¿FDFRQODDQWLQRPLDVLVWHPDDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV
'HODPLVPDPDQHUDODE~VTXHGDGHXQREMHWRGLVFLSOLQDUHQODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRUHVSRQGHDXQDQHFHVLGDG
VHPHMDQWHDDTXHOODGHVGHODTXHQDFHODGLFRWRPtDOHQJXDKDEOD$VtFRPR6DXVVXUHSURSRQHODOHQJXDFRPR
HOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGLVFLSOLQDUHQODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRHQSDUDOHORFRQODYLVLyQVDXVVXUHDQDODVQRUPDV
MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV\HORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRTXH HOODVFRQIRUPDQRFXSDQXQ OXJDUSURWDJyQLFRHVWRSRU
VXSXHVWRQRLPSOLFDQLQJXQDD¿UPDFLyQQRYHGRVDQLHVXQDSURSXHVWDSURSLDGHODDXWRUDGDGRTXHODYLVLyQ
GHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR FRPRREMHWRGLVFLSOLQDU KDVLGRWUDWDGDSRUP~OWLSOHVDXWRUHV(QFDPELRDODV
GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV\ODUHODFLyQTXHHOODVJXDUGDQ FRQODVQRUPDV MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV\ HORUGHQDPLHQWR
MXUtGLFROHVSHUWHQHFHXQOXJDUHTXLYDOHQWHDOGHOKDEODHQODOLQJtVWLFDVDXVVXUHDQD
&DEH DFODUDU TXH H[LVWH XQ JUXSR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQFDEH]DGR SRU +HUQiQGH] *LO TXH VH KD GHGLFDGR
D DQDOL]DU GH PDQHUD VHPHMDQWH D OD DTXt SURSXHVWD ODV HTXLYDOHQFLDV HQWUH HO GHUHFKR \ ORV DSRUWHV
HVWUXFWXUDOLVWDV$UDt]GHHOORVHKDQDSOLFDGRPXFKDVGHODVFDWHJRUtDVDQDOtWLFDVGHOLQJLVWDVDODGLVFLSOLQD
MXUtGLFDHQWUHHOODV ODVGH6DXVVXUH DXQTXHQRVHD XQHVWUXFWXUDOLVWDHQ HOVHQWLGRHVWULFWRVLQRPiVELHQ
XQSUHFXUVRUGHOHVWUXFWXUDOLVPR1RREVWDQWHORGLFKRODFRQFHSFLyQGHODTXHSDUWHHVWHJUXSRSRVHHXQD
YLVLyQGLVWLQWDDODDTXtSURSXHVWDSRUTXHDOKDEODHTXLSDUDWDQWRHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRFRPRORVDFWRVGH
UHDOL]DFLyQGHOGHUHFKR6HxDOD+HUQiQGH]*LOTXHXQDSULPHUDFRQVLGHUDFLyQSDUHFHGHVFXEULUFRQIDFLOLGDG
ORV FRUUHODWRV MXUtGLFRV GHO OHQJXDMH OD OHQJXD \ HO KDEOD /R VHUtDQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH HO ©GHUHFKRª ²
HTXLYDOHQWHGHOOHQJXDMH²FRPRHOFRQFHSWRJOREDOVXVFHSWLEOHGHFRPSUHQGHUWRGDVODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGH
XQDRUJDQL]DFLyQYLQFXODQWHGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRLQWHUVXEMHWLYRHO©RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRª²HTXLYDOHQWHGH
ODOHQJXD²FRQVWLWXLGRSRUHOVLVWHPDMXUtGLFRYLJHQWHHQXQDGHWHUPLQDGDFRPXQLGDGVRFLDO\OD©UHDOL]DFLyQ
GHOGHUHFKRª²HTXLYDOHQWH GHOKDEOD²TXH FRPSUHQGHUtDODDSOLFDFLyQ GHOVLVWHPDUHSUHVHQWDGR SRUHO
RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR1RREVWDQWHOXHJR HODXWRUVHxDOD TXHHQWUHODOHQJXD\ HORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR
FRQ¿JXUDGRFRPRFRQMXQWRGHQRUPDVVRQPX\PDUFDGDVODVGLIHUHQFLDV
3RU HO OHQJXDMH VH ORJUD OD LQWHOLJHQFLD SHUR QR GH XQ PRGR JHQHUDO \ XQLYHUVDO VLQR D WUDYpV GH FDGD
OHQJXDSRUHO GHUHFKRVHDOFDQ]DODFRQYLYHQFLDSHURHQPDUFDGD HQRUGHQDPLHQWRVRUHJtPHQHV MXUtGLFRV
GHWHUPLQDGRV$KRUD ELHQ OD OHQJXD FRQVHUYD XQD HVSRQWDQHLGDG \ GHQVLGDG VRFLDOHV TXH HQ HO GHUHFKR
GHFUHFHQ R VH WUDQV¿JXUDQ D WUDYpV GHO KHFKR FLHUWR GH VX SURJUHVLYD HVWDWDOL]DFLyQ 0LHQWUDV OD OHQJXD
sigue siendo fruto de consensos sociales imperceptibles, sin una promulgación y una derogación impuestas,
HO GHUHFKR TXH HQ VXV IDVHV SULPDULDV WXYR PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV DQiORJDV KD H[SHULPHQWDGR XQ SURFHVR GH
WHFQL¿FDFLyQ\IRUPXODFLyQFUHFLHQWHDH[SHQVDVGHO(VWDGRUHFWRUGHO©RUGHQMXUtGLFRªy formulador de los
RUGHQDPLHQWRVMXUtGLFRV
/XHJRSURSRQHTXHODVGLIHUHQFLDVREVHUYDGDVHQWUHHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHODOHQJXD\HOGHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR
DVtFRPRDOJXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVLQWUtQVHFDPHQWHFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDpOWLHQHQPiVELHQVXHTXLYDOHQFLDHQHO
&IULÓPEZ MARTÍNEZ0DUtD,VDEHOHERNÁNDEZ SÁNCHEZ(XODOLD2SFLW
&IUSAUSSURE, )HUGLQDQGGH&XUVRGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO>3XEOLFDGRSRU&KDUOHV%DOO\\$OEHUW6HFKHKD\HFRQODFRODERUDFLyQ
GH$OEHUW5LHGOLQJHU7UDGGH$PDGR$ORQVR@ %XHQRV$LUHV/RVDGD,
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 47
KDEODHQHOVHQWLGRVDXVVXUHDQR(VWRFRQOOHYDTXHHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\ODUHDOL]DFLyQGHOGHUHFKRVH
DSUR[LPHQ\SRUHOORSDUDHVWHJUXSRGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHVHO'HUHFKRVHUHDOL]DHQGRVLQVWDQFLDVXQDFXDQGR
UHFLEHIRUPXODFLyQQRUPDWLYD\RWUDFXDQGRVHPDQL¿HVWDDWUDYpVGHIHQyPHQRVFRQFUHWRVGHDFWXDFLyQ(Q
FXDQWRDOHTXLYDOHQWHGHODOHQJXDVH HQFXHQWUDHQODEDVH GHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR(V DOJRSUHVXSXHVWR
SRUHVWH \TXH ORKDFH SRVLEOH(O RUGHQDPLHQWRHV ODYHUVLyQ RODV YHUVLRQHVGH XQVLVWHPD VXE\DFHQWHD
H[SHQVDVGHOFXDOVHHODERUDQODVIRUPXODFLRQHVQRUPDWLYDV
3DUDUHWRPDUODLGHDFHQWUDOODGLVWLQFLyQGLFRWyPLFDHQWUHOHQJXD\KDEODWUDVODGDGDDOFDPSRGHOGHUHFKR
WLHQHXQLPSDFWRHQODYLVLyQGHODGLVFLSOLQDMXUtGLFDVREUHVX REMHWRGHHVWXGLR$HIHFWRVGHFRQVLGHUDUOD
en paralelo con su par lingüística desde los desarrollos saussureanos, se la debe pensar en dos planos de un
WUiJLFRDQWDJRQLVPR (ODQWDJRQLVPR VHSODQWHD DSDUWLU GHOD UHODFLyQGLFRWyPLFD GHVGHOD FXDO6DXVVXUH
GH¿QHORVH[WUHPRV\TXHDTXtVHLQWHQWDH[SRQHU\UHYHODUVXWUDVODGRDOGHUHFKR/DFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQFRPR
©WUiJLFRªVHGHEHDOD LQGLVFXWLEOHUHODFLyQHQWUHHOVLVWHPD \HODFWR HQWUHODOHQJXD\HO KDEOD\HQWUH HO
RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\ ODV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXH OR FRQIRUPDQ SRUXQ ODGR \ ODVGHFLVLRQHV
MXGLFLDOHVSRU HORWUR UHODFLyQTXH VHGD HQXQ PDUFRGH WHQVLyQ\ TXHDXQ DSHVDU GHOR DQWDJyQLFRGH
ORVGRVSRORV FDGDXQRGHHOORV QHFHVLWDGHORWURLQHYLWDEOHPHQWH3RUXQODGR HQHOiPELWROLQJtVWLFR VH
HQFXHQWUDQODOHQJXDHVGHFLUHOVLVWHPD\HOKDEODRVHDORVDFWRVOLQJtVWLFRV\SRUHORWURHQHO
FDPSRMXUtGLFRVHSXHGHQREVHUYDUODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHDSDUWLUGHVXVUHODFLRQHVPXWXDV
IRUPDQXQVLVWHPD XQ RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRD OD OX]GHOFXDO SUHVHQWDQ XQVHQWLGR\  ODVGHFLVLRQHV
MXGLFLDOHVRDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVEULQGDGRVIUHQWHDXQFDVRFRQFUHWR
$KRUD ELHQ VHxDODGR HO LQLFLR GHO SDUDOHOLVPR TXH VH UHDOL]D HQWUH DPEDV GLVFLSOLQDV UHVXOWD QHFHVDULR
DFODUDUORVWpUPLQRVSURSLRVGHODOLQJtVWLFD(QYLUWXGGHODUHOHYDQFLDFRQIHULGDDODOHQJXDFRPRPRGHOR
GHOVLVWHPD TXHJR]D GHDFHSWDFLyQ FLHQWt¿FDHQ VXFDOLGDG GHREMHWR UHVXOWDSULRULWDULR FRPHQ]DUSRU VX
GH¿QLFLyQ
%DMRODLQÀXHQFLDGHOLQWHUpVSRVLWLYLVWDSRUGHVOLQGDUODVFLHQFLDV\GRWDUODVGHXQREMHWRIiFWLFR\XQPpWRGR
GHHVWXGLRDGHFXDGR6DXVVXUHUHFRUWyGHQWURGHDTXHOLQFLHUWRXQLYHUVRTXHSDUDpOHVHOOHQJXDMHORTXHpO
GH¿QHFRPRHOREMHWRGHODOLQJtVWLFDHVWRHVODOHQJXD'LFHHOPDHVWURJLQHEULQR
$QXHVWURSDUHFHU QRKD\PiVTXHXQD VROXFLyQSDUD WRGDVHVWDV GL¿FXOWDGHVKD\TXHFRORFDUVHGHVGH HO
primer momento en el terreno de la lengua y tomarla como norma de todas las otras manifestaciones del
OHQJXDMH(QHIHFWRHQWUHWDQWDVFXDOLGDGHVODOHQJXDSDUHFHVHUOR~QLFRVXVFHSWLEOHGHGH¿QLFLyQDXWyQRPD
\HVODTXHGDXQSXQWRGHDSR\RVDWLVIDFWRULRSDUDHOHVStULWX
/DOHQJXDHV XQD SDUWHHVHQFLDO GHO OHQJXDMH HVHO SURGXFWR VRFLDOGHOD IDFXOWDG GHHVWH \ XQ FRQMXQWR
GHFRQYHQFLRQHV QHFHVDULDV SRUODV FXDOHVORV LQGLYLGXRV KDFHQHMHUFLFLR GHGLFKD IDFXOWDG 2VHD SDUD
FRQRFHUHOOHQJXDMHRORTXHSXHGDVDEHUVHGHpOHVQHFHVDULRDWUDYHVDUSRUODOHQJXD\ORVOtPLWHVGHOFDPSR
H[SORUDWRULRGHHOODPDUFDQODVIURQWHUDVGHORFRJQRVFLEOHHQWRUQRDOOHQJXDMH
&IUHERNÁNDEZ GIL$QWRQLR©,QWURGXFFLyQ DOHVWXGLRGHOHVWUXFWXUDOLVPR\ HOGHUHFKRª(QHERNANDEZ GIL$QWRQLR>HWDO@
(VWUXFWXUDOLVPR\'HUHFKR0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDOSS/DFLWDWH[WXDOSHUWHQHFHDODVSiJV
&IUVITALE$OHMDQGUD(OHVWXGLRGHORVVLJQRV3HLUFH\6DXVVXUHHGUHLPS%XHQRV$LUHV(XGHEDS
SAUSSURE)HUGLQDQGGH. 2SFLWS/DYHUVLyQIUDQFHVDGLFH©,OQ¶\DVHORQQRXVTX¶XQHVROXWLRQjWRXWHVFHVGLI¿FXOWpV il
IDXWVHSODFHUGHSULPHDERUGVXUOHWHUUDLQGHODODQJXHHWODSUHQGUHSRXUQRUPHGHWRXWHVOHVDXWUHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGXODQJDJH(Q
HIIHWSDUPLWDQWGHGXDOLWpVODODQJXHVHXOHSDUDvWêtreVXVFHSWLEOHG¶XQHGp¿QLWLRQDXWRQRPHHWIRXUQLWXQSRLQWG¶DSSXLVDWLVIDLVDQW
SRXUO¶HVSULWª SAUSSURE)HUGLQDQGGH &RXUVGH OLQJXLVWLTXHJpQpUDOH>3XEOLFDGD SRU&KDUOHV %DOO\\$OEHUW 6HFKHKD\HFRQOD
FRODERUDFLyQGH$OEHUW5LHGOLQJHUHGLFLyQFUtWLFDSRU7XOLRGH0DXUR@3DUtVeGLWLRQV3D\RW5LYDJHVS
&IUSAUSSURE)HUGLQDQGGH&XUVRGH«, RSFLWS
(VWRUHFXHUGD DODFRQRFLGDIUDVH GH:LWWJHQVWHLQ©/RV OtPLWHVGHPLOHQJXDMH VLJQL¿FDQORVOtPLWHVGH PLPXQGRª©'LH
*UHQ]HQPHLQHU6SUDFKHEHGHXWHQGLH*UHQ]HQPHLQHU:HOWªTXHWLHQHVXFRUUHODWRHQHO SUyORJRGHO7UDFWDWXV, donde señala que
©(OOLEUR TXLHUHSXHVWUD]DU XQOtPLWH DOSHQVDUR PiVELHQQR DOSHQVDUVLQR DOD H[SUHVLyQGHORV SHQVDPLHQWRVSRUTXH SDUD
WUD]DUXQOtPLWHDOSHQVDUWHQGUtDPRVTXHSRGHUSHQVDUDPERVODGRVGHHVWHOtPLWHWHQGUtDPRVHQVXPDTXHSHQVDUORTXHQRUHVXOWD
SHQVDEOHª²©'DV %XFK ZLOODOVR GHP'HQNHQ HLQH*UHQ]H ]LHKHQRGHU YLHOPHKU²QLFKW GHQ 'HQNHQVRQGHUQ GHP$XVGUXFN
GHU*HGDQNHQ'HQQXP GHP'HQNHQHLQH*UHQ]H]X]LHKHQ PVVWHQZLUEHLGH6HLWHQGLHVHU*UHQ]HGHQNHQ N|QQHQZLUPVVWHQ
DOVRGHQNHQN|QQHQZDVVLFKQLFKWGHQNHQOlVVWª²VRORTXH DODOX]GHODVSUHFLVLRQHVGHODOLQJtVWLFDODOHQJXDHVHOFDPSR GH
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOOHQJXDMH&IUWITTGENSTEIN/XGZLJ7UDFWDWXV lógico-SKLORVRSKLFXV>(GLFLyQELOLQJH7UDGGH-DFRER0XxR]
H,VLGRUD5HJXHUD@ HGUHLPS0DGULG$OLDQ]D (GLWRULDO/DVFLWDV WH[WXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQODV SiJLQDV
\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 48
/DOHQJXDFRQVWLWX\HXQRUGHQ\XQSULQFLSLRGHFODVL¿FDFLyQKDVWDWDOSXQWRTXH6DXVVXUHODSUHVHQWDFRPR
ODXQLGDGGHOOHQJXDMH/DSUHHPLQHQFLDGHODOHQJXDVHIXQGDHQTXHODIDFXOWDGGHDUWLFXODUVHHMHUFHJUDFLDV
DODD\XGDGHOLQVWUXPHQWRFUHDGR\VXPLQLVWUDGRSRUODFROHFWLYLGDG
/DOHQJXDUHYHODHOXVRTXHVHKDFHGHOOHQJXDMH%DMRODSUHPLVDGHTXHODDUWLFXODFLyQLPSOLFDODVXEGLYLVLyQ
GHODFDGHQD GHVLJQL¿FDFLRQHVHQXQLGDGHVVLJQL¿FDWLYDV²YDOJDODUHGXQGDQFLD²VHSXHGH GHFLUTXHOD
OHQJXDHVHOOHQJXDMHDUWLFXODGR\VXFRQIRUPDFLyQHVXQDWDUHDOOHYDGDDFDERSRUXQDFROHFWLYLGDGGHIRUPD
LQYROXQWDULDHVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGH©LQYROXQWDULDªGHEHHQWHQGHUVHFRPR©LQFRQVFLHQWHªR©QRLQWHQFLRQDOª
/DLGHD GH OD©VXEGLYLVLyQ GHOD FDGHQD GHVLJQL¿FDFLRQHV HQXQLGDGHV VLJQL¿FDWLYDVª GDD HQWHQGHUTXH
HOPXQGRGH VLJQL¿FDFLRQHVHVXQ FRQWLQXRLQGLVWLQWRKDVWD ODLQVWDQFLDGH ODDUWLFXODFLyQGHO OHQJXDMH/D
VXEGLYLVLyQGHODFDGHQDGHEHUtDGDUVHHQGRVSODQRVORVPLVPRVTXHFRPSRQHQHOVLJQROLQJtVWLFRHQHO
GHOVLJQL¿FDQWH\HQHOGHOVLJQL¿FDGR
(QWRQFHVOR FODYHHQ HVWHSXQWRHVTXHOD OHQJXDHV XQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQ OLQJtVWLFDTXH VHPXHVWUDHQXQD
FRPXQLGDGGDGDHQ ODFXDOVH FUHD\VHPDQWLHQH/RVLQGLYLGXRVSRU VtVRORVQR ODPRGL¿FDQQRSXHGHQ
UHDOL]DUXQDUXSWXUDOyJLFD\DEUXSWDHQHOOD
(OVLVWHPDFRQVWLWX\H OD SULPHUD XQLGDGDQDOL]DEOH GH DTXHOOR TXHVH FRQVLGHUD XQD HVHQFLD²VLHV TXH
GLFKDHVHQFLDH[LVWLHUH²GHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDTXHYDGHORPiVDEVWUDFWRDORPiVFRQFUHWR(VXQREMHWR
FRQFUHWRGHOLPLWDGRHPStULFR\DVHTXLEOH(VWDLGHDOHSHUPLWLyD6DXVVXUHVRVOD\DUHQFRQVLGHUDUHOVHUGHO
OHQJXDMHFRPRHVHQFLD\WRPDUORVLPSOHPHQWHFRPRXQDIDFXOWDGGHDUWLFXODFLyQ'HDOOtTXHHOHVWXGLRGH
ODVDUWLFXODFLRQHVOLQJtVWLFDVVHDORFHQWUDOSDUDODOLQJtVWLFDFRPRFLHQFLD
7UDVGHMDUGHODGRHOSODQRKHWHUyFOLWRHLQGH¿QLEOHHQVXWRWDOLGDG\FRPSOHMLGDGTXHHVHOOHQJXDMH6DXVVXUH
SODQWHDGRVSODQRVDXQRVRFLDO\HVHQFLDOHVWHHVODOHQJXDTXHHQWpUPLQRVDEVWUDFWRVHVXQVLVWHPD\E
RWURSDUWLFXODU\FRQWLQJHQWHHOFXDOHVHOKDEODRHODFWRLQGLYLGXDO(OVLVWHPDHVXQDSULPHUDDUWLFXODFLyQ
HPStULFDGHODHVHQFLD\SRUORWDQWRHOSXQWRGHLQLFLRGHORVHVWXGLRVFLHQWt¿FRV
(VHVWDLGHDODTXHVHSUHWHQGHUHWRPDUDTXtHQYLUWXGGHOSUREOHPDSODQWHDGRHQHOFDPSRGHOGHUHFKR\OD
D¿UPDFLyQFRQODTXH VHKDLQLFLDGRHVWHDUWtFXOR&RPRSXHGHREVHUYDUVHWDQWRHQODOLQJtVWLFDWDOFRPR
ODFRQFLELy6DXVVXUHFRPRHQODGLVFLSOLQDMXUtGLFDH[LVWHXQVLVWHPDGHFRPSUHQVLyQTXHHQPDUFDORVDFWRV
LQGLYLGXDOHV$ VXYH] HVWRV ~OWLPRVQRFRQVWLWX\HQ XQ HOHPHQWRHVHQFLDO SHUR GH IRUPDLQYROXQWDULD H
LQFRQVFLHQWHDFW~DQVREUHHOVLVWHPDJHQHUDOLQÀX\HQVREUHpO\ORPRGL¿FDQ
(OVLVWHPDFRQVWLWX\HSDUDGyMLFDPHQWHXQDDUWLFXODFLyQGHXQD HVHQFLDHQODOLQJtVWLFDODOHQJXDHVXQD
DUWLFXODFLyQ GHO OHQJXDMH \HQ HO FDPSR GHO 'HUHFKR HO RUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR HV XQD DUWLFXODFLyQ GHO
GHUHFKR\XQFRQMXQWRGH FRQYHQFLRQHVQHFHVDULDVSDUD TXHORVVXMHWRV SXHGDQKDFHUXVRSDUWLFXODUGHOD
HVHQFLD/DSDUDGRMDUDGLFD HQHOKHFKRGHTXH HOVLVWHPDHVDOPLVPR WLHPSRDUWLFXODFLyQGHXQDHVHQFLD
\ODVFRQYHQFLRQHV SDUDXWLOL]DUHVDHVHQFLDHVGHFLUHOSUREOHPD VHDVHPHMDDODIDPRVDGXGDGH TXpIXH
SULPHURVL HOKXHYRR ODJDOOLQD 6LHO VLVWHPDHVXQD DUWLFXODFLyQHQWRQFHV HOOHQJXDMH \DVHHQFXHQWUD
DUWLFXODGRVLQQHFHVLGDGGHODH[LVWHQFLDSUHYLDGHODVFRQYHQFLRQHVSDUDHOXVRSRUSDUWHGHORVLQGLYLGXRV
(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHO OHQJXDMHVHKD DUWLFXODGRSRUVt PLVPR\ODVFRQYHQFLRQHVVH KDQDXWRFUHDGR(Q
UHDOLGDGSDUD6DXVVXUHHVODFRPXQLGDGODTXHGHIRUPDLQYROXQWDULD\©PDVLYDªFUHDHVWDVFRQYHQFLRQHV
3HUR¢H[LVWHQDFWRVGHODFRPXQLGDGLQFRQVFLHQWHVVLQDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV"6LHOVLVWHPDHVHOTXHSURYHHODV
FRQYHQFLRQHVSDUDTXHORVVXMHWRVSXHGDQDUWLFXODUHOOHQJXDMHSHURHOVLVWHPD\DHVXQDDUWLFXODFLyQHOURO
GHORVLQGLYLGXRVHVDOPHQRVFRQWLQJHQWHSXHVWRTXHODOHQJXDFUHDVXVSURSLDVUHJODVGHXVR
3DUDOHODPHQWH D OR TXH RFXUUH HQ OD OLQJtVWLFD GRQGH HO VLVWHPD HV OD OHQJXD \ ORV DFWRV LQGLYLGXDOHV
FRQIRUPDQHOKDEODHQHOiPELWRGHODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRXQDDUWLFXODFLyQGHODHVHQFLDMXUtGLFDODFRQVWLWX\H
HORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRFRPRVLVWHPDGHQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHHVWUXFWXUDQGHPDQHUDDEVWUDFWDXQ
UHSDUWR\TXHDVXYH]GLVSRQHQODVSDXWDVPHGLDQWHODVFXDOHVORVMXHFHV\ORVVXMHWRVQRUPDWLYRVSXHGDQ
KDFHUXVRGH pO$VLPLVPRHQFXDQWRD ORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVODV GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVFRQVWLWX\HQXQXVR
FRQWH[WXDOL]DGR\ FRQFUHWRGHDTXHO VLVWHPDQRUPDWLYR8QHMHPSORGH HVWDSURSXHVWD VHSXHGHHQFRQWUDU
HQFXDOTXLHUQRUPDMXUtGLFDGHFDUiFWHUJHQHUDOTXHKD\DVLGRXWLOL]DGDSRUORVMXHFHVDODKRUDGHWRPDUXQD
&IUSAUSSURE,)HUGLQDQGGH&XUVRGH«, RSFLWSS
&IU,GHPSS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 49
GHFLVLyQ(QHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRDUJHQWLQRSRUHMHPSOR OD&RQVWLWXFLyQ1DFLRQDOWXWHOD ODSURSLHGDG
SULYDGDHQVXDUWtFXOR(QXQDSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDKLVWyULFDHQXQFRQWH[WRSOHQDPHQWHOLEHUDO\HQHOFXDO
se asociaba este derecho fundamental con la libre disposición de los derechos reales, se concebía como
VDWLVIHFKDODFRQFUHFLyQGHHVWHDUWtFXORFRQODWXWHODGHOGRPLQLRGHODVFRVDV(VWDLGHDIXHUHVSDOGDGDSRU
ODMXULVSUXGHQFLD 1RREVWDQWHFRQODVPRGL¿FDFLRQHV VRFLDOHVVH DPSOLyHOFDPSRGHSURWHFFLyQ MXUtGLFD
\DSDUWLUGHOFDVR%RXUGLHX©>H@OWpUPLQRSURSLHGDGFXDQGRVHHPSOHDHQORVDUWV\GHOD&1RHQ
RWUDVGLVSRVLFLRQHVGHOD&1FRPSUHQGHWRGRVORVLQWHUHVHVDSUHFLDEOHVTXHXQKRPEUHSXHGHSRVHHUIXHUD
GHVtPLVPRGHVXYLGD\GHVXOLEHUWDG7RGRGHUHFKRTXHWHQJDXQYDORUUHFRQRFLGRFRPRWDOSRUODOH\VHD
TXHVHRULJLQH HQODVUHODFLRQHVGHGHUHFKRSULYDGRVHD TXHQD]FDGHDFWRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRV>«@LQWHJUD HO
FRQFHSWRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHSURSLHGDGª
4.2 La interdependencia entre el sistema y los actos individuales en el planteamiento saussureano
/DD¿UPDFLyQTXHIXQFLRQDFRPR GLVSDUDGRUHQHVWHDSDUWDGRDSXQWD DVHxDODUTXH H[LVWHXQDUHODFLyQGH
LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDHQWUHORVGRVH[WUHPRV GHODGLFRWRPtDOHQJXDKDEOD\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH VLVWHPDDFWRV
LQGLYLGXDOHV6LELHQVHFRQVLGHUDFDGDH[WUHPRFRPRXQHOHPHQWRGHH[LVWHQFLDLQGHSHQGLHQWHHQVtPLVPROD
DVHYHUDFLyQVREUHVXLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDSURFXUDSRQHUGHUHOLHYHTXHH[LVWHFLHUWRYtQFXORQHFHVDULRHQWUHHOORV
SDUDVXFRPSUHQVLyQFDEDOHQHOFDVRGHODOHQJXD\GHOVLVWHPDUHTXLHUHQHOKDEOD\ORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHD¿QGHDVHQWDUVHKLVWyULFDPHQWH
GHXQPDUFRJHQHUDO¢3XHGHHVWHSODQWHDPLHQWRWHQHUDOJXQDXWLOLGDGHQHOiPELWRGHOGHUHFKRSDUDH[SOLFDU
ODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHRUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV"
6LELHQKDVWDDTXtHQHOFDPSRGHODOLQJtVWLFDVHLQVLVWHHQODVHSDUDFLyQ\HOFRQWUDVWHHQWUHODOHQJXD\HO
KDEODHVGDEOHDFODUDUTXHHVVRORDORVHIHFWRVGHFRPSUHQGHUTXHFDGDXQRGHHVWRVH[WUHPRVFRQVWLWX\HXQ
HOHPHQWRSRUVtPLVPR1RREVWDQWHFDEHGHVWDFDUODLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDFRQODTXHRSHUDQ
/D OHQJXD \ HO KDEOD HVWiQ HVWUHFKDPHQWH OLJDGDV \ VH VXSRQHQ UHFtSURFDPHQWH OD SULPHUD KDFH TXH OD
VHJXQGDVHDLQWHOLJLEOH\SURGX]FDWRGRVVXVHIHFWRVSRUVXSDUWHHOKDEODKDFHTXHODOHQJXDVHHVWDEOH]FD
KLVWyULFDPHQWH6DXVVXUH EULQGDXQ HMHPSORGH HVWDUHODFLyQDOFRPSDUDUODOHQJXDFRQ XQDVLQIRQtD FX\D
UHDOLGDGHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODVIRUPDVHQTXHVHHMHFXWH3RUHMHPSORTXHXQP~VLFRIDOOHHQXQDRYDULDV
QRWDVDOLQWHUSUHWDUODSLH]DQRDOWHUDORTXHODVLQIRQtDHVHQVt
(O KDEOD HV DQWHULRU D OD OHQJXD SRU FXDQWR ODV DVRFLDFLRQHV GH ODV LGHDV FRQ ODV LPiJHQHV YHUEDOHV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVQDFHQ GH ORVDFWRV GHKDEOD ©2\HQGR DORV RWURVHV FRPR FDGDXQR DSUHQGHVXOHQJXD
PDWHUQDTXHQROOHJDDGHSRVLWDUVHHQQXHVWURFHUHEURPiVTXHDOFDERGHLQQXPHUDEOHVH[SHULHQFLDVª
(QHVWRVWpUPLQRVHQHOFDPSRMXUtGLFRFDEHVHxDODUODH[LVWHQFLDGHGRVH[WUHPRVVHSDUDGRVHORUGHQDPLHQWR
MXUtGLFR\ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHOR FRPSRQHQSRUXQ ODGR\ODV GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVSRUHO
RWURTXH DVXYH]VHUHODFLRQDQ\VH VXSRQHQUHFtSURFDPHQWH (ORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRGDVHQWLGR DODV
GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV\SHUPLWHTXHHVWDVVHDQFRPSUHQVLEOHV3RUVXSDUWHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVKDFHQ
que el sistema tenga un sentido concreto y no solo abstracto, a la par que permite la concreción histórica de
ODVQRUPDV MXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV3RUHMHPSORHQUHODFLyQFRQ HOFRQFHSWR MXUtGLFRGH persona, los códigos
FLYLOHVGHOD PD\RUtDGHORV (VWDGRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV\HQWUH HOORVHOSULPHU &yGLJRFLYLODUJHQWLQRKR\
GHURJDGR VLJXHQ OD WUDGLFLyQ URPDQLVWD \ OR GH¿QHQ FRPR XQ HQWH VXVFHSWLEOH GH DGTXLULU GHUHFKRV \
FRQWUDHUREOLJDFLRQHV¢4XpVLJQL¿FDHVWHSUHFHSWRDEVWUDFWR"(QJHQHUDOSRFDVGLVFXVLRQHVKDQH[LVWLGRHQ
torno a las personas humanas, pero este no ha sido el caso de la posibilidad de cometer delitos y de resultar
REOLJDGDVSRUHOORVSRUSDUWHGHODVSHUVRQDVMXUtGLFDVRVLORVDQLPDOHVSXHGHQVHURQRFRQVLGHUDGRVVXMHWRV
GHGHUHFKRV\SRUHQGHSHUVRQDVRVHPHMDQWHVDHVWDV
©%RXUGLHXF0XQLFLSDOLGDGGHOD&DSLWDO´&6-1
&IUSAUSSURE,)HUGLQDQGGH&XUVRGH«, RSFLWS
SAUSSURE )HUGLQDQGGH &XUVRGH«, RSFLW SS /DYHUVLyQ IUDQFHVDGLFH ©>«@F¶HVW HQHQWHQGDQW OHVDXWUHVTXH QRXV
DSSUHQRQVQRWUH ODQJXH PDWHUQHOOH HOOH Q¶DUULYH j VH GpSRVHU GDQV QRWUH FHUYHDX TX¶j OD VXLWH G¶LQQRPEUDEOHV H[SpULHQFHVª
SAUSSURE,)HUGLQDQGGH&RXUVGH«, RSFLWS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 50
4.3 La naturaleza social del sistema y la asocial de los actos individuales
3DUD6DXVVXUH ODOHQJXDHV XQDFRQVWUXFFLyQ VRFLDOTXHDOPLVPRWLHPSR SHUPLWHDODVRFLHGDGDUWLFXODU
HOOHQJXDMH(OVLVWHPDHQHVWRVWpUPLQRVVHSODQWHDFRPRXQDDEVWUDFFLyQIXHUDGHODOFDQFHGHODUELWULRGH
ORVLQGLYLGXRV\ UDGLFDGDHQOD VRFLHGDG3RUVXSDUWHHOKDEOD\ ORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV VHSUHVHQWDQFRPR
HOHPHQWRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVVRORD ORVVXMHWRVKDEODQWHVRDFWXDQWHV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QHOORVQRH[LVWH QDGD
GHVRFLDOIXHUD GHVHUFRPSUHQVLEOHV DODOX] GHODOHQJXD RHOVLVWHPD ¢7LHQHVHQWLGRHVWHSDQRUDPDSDUD
H[SOLFDUODQDWXUDOH]DGHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHORFRPSRQHQSRU XQ
ODGR\GHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVSRUHORWUR"
/DOHQJXD H[LVWHHQ ODFROHFWLYLGDG VXQDWXUDOH]DHVVRFLDO\QRSXHGH HVFLQGLUVHOD PDVDKDEODQWH GHVX
FRQFHSWRSUHFLVDPHQWH6DXVVXUHFRPELQDODIXHU]DVRFLDOFRQHOIDFWRUWHPSRUDOGHGRQGHVXUJHODQRFLyQ
GHOFDPELROLQJtVWLFR$VtODOHQJXDHVFRP~QDWRGRV\HVWiVLWXDGDIXHUDGHODYROXQWDGGH FDGDXQRGH
los depositariosGHOFyGLJROLQJtVWLFR(OFRQMXQWRGHORVKiELWRVOLQJtVWLFRVSHUPLWHTXHXQVXMHWRSXHGD
FRPSUHQGHU\ KDFHUVH FRPSUHQGHU(O KDEODHV ODDGLFLyQGH WRGROR TXH FDGDVXMHWR LQWHJUDQWH GHXQD
FRPXQLGDGGLFHGHODVFRPELQDFLRQHVYROXQWDULDVTXHFDGDVXMHWRHIHFW~D\SRUORWDQWRHVVRORODVXPDGH
FDVRVSDUWLFXODUHV3DUDHOOLQJLVWDVXL]RHVWRLPSOLFDTXHHQHOKDEODQRKD\DQDGDGHFROHFWLYR\TXHHVWRV
DFWRVVHDQLQGLYLGXDOHV\PRPHQWiQHRV
'LFH6DXVVXUH©3RUWRGDVHVWDVUD]RQHVVHUtDTXLPpULFR UHXQLUHQXQ PLVPRSXQWRGH YLVWDODOHQJXD\HO
KDEOD(OFRQMXQWRJOREDOGHOOHQJXDMHHVLQFRJQRVFLEOHSRUTXHQRHVKRPRJpQHRPLHQWUDVTXHODGLVWLQFLyQ
\ODVXERUGLQDFLyQSURSXHVWDVORDFODUDQWRGRª(VWDIUDVHSRQHGHUHOLHYHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHGLVWLQJXLUORV
WUHVQLYHOHVOHQJXDMH OHQJXD\KDEODHQ ODWHRUtDGHHVWHOLQJLVWDJLQHEULQR'H HQWUHHOORVHOSULPHURQR
es susceptible de estudio empírico per se SXHVHV HOSULQFLSLRGHORVRWURV GRV3UHFLVDPHQWHHVPHGLDQWH
ODGLFRWRPtD OHQJXDKDEODTXHSXHGH OOHJDUD FRQRFHUVHHOOHQJXDMH /DOHQJXD HVHOJUDGR PiVJHQpULFR
GHHQWUH ODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV GHOOHQJXDMHGHIRUPDWDQJLEOH \VXVFHSWLEOH GHHVWXGLR GHDKtHOLQWHUpVGHO
HVWUXFWXUDOLVPRHQHVWDQRFLyQFRPRVXEDVH/DOHQJXDUDGLFDHQODFRPXQLGDG\VHDVLHQWDHQHOODGHIRUPD
SDVLYDQDGLHSXHGHPRGL¿FDUODSRUVtVRORDODSDUTXHKDFHLQWHOLJLEOHHOKDEOD(OKDEODHVODPDQLIHVWDFLyQ
LQGLYLGXDOH LPSOLFDHO XVR\ ODVFRPELQDFLRQHVTXHFDGDLQGLYLGXR UHDOL]DGH ODOHQJXD 'HHVWD PDQHUD
DVLHQWDODOHQJXDHQXQDLQVWDQFLDKLVWyULFDSHURWDPELpQODPXHYHSDXODWLQDPHQWHHQHOFDPELR
(QHOFDPSR GHO GHUHFKRHVSRVLEOH FRQFHELU HOVLVWHPDMXUtGLFR FRPR SHUWHQHFLHQWHDOD FROHFWLYLGDG \
IXHUDGHO DOFDQFHGHODYROXQWDGGH FDGDLQGLYLGXR (VGHFLUHQ FXDQWRDO VHQWLGRGH ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDV
JHQHUDOHVHVWHFRQVWLWX\HXQDVXHUWH GH©WHVRURªGHSRVLWDGRHQODVPHQWHVGHORVVXMHWRVRXQSURPHGLRGH
FRQFHSWRVDVRFLDGRV HQSDODEUDVGH6DXVVXUHFRQ LQGHSHQGHQFLDGHODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQLQGLYLGXDO GHFDGD
VXMHWRQRUPDWLYRRGHFDGDMXH]GHFLVRUHQSDUWLFXODU
(QFXDQWRDO SODQRGHODVGHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHVHVWDVVRQHOSURGXFWRGHOD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\DUJXPHQWDFLyQ
GHXQMXH]RXQWULEXQDOLQWHUYLQLHQWHIUHQWHDOFDVRFRQFUHWR/DGHFLVLyQUHVXOWDQWHHVSXUDPHQWHSDUWLFXODU
HPLWLGDSRU XQVROR LQGLYLGXRHQ XQPRPHQWR KLVWyULFRFRQFUHWR \IUHQWH DFLHUWRV SDUWLFXODUHVVREUH ORV
FXDOHVUHFDHUiQORVHIHFWRVGHODSUHVFULSFLyQ/DQRUPDMXUtGLFDJHQHUDO\HORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRFREUDQ
XQVHQWLGR~QLFRHLQGLYLGXDOSDUDHOFDVRFRQFUHWR
/DVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVDOPHQRVHQORTXHUHVSHFWDDVXVHQWLGRH[LVWLUtDQVRORHQODFROHFWLYLGDG
HVFDSDUtDQDODPHUDYROXQWDGSDUWLFXODU\UHTXHULUtDQGHXQDDFHSWDFLyQPDVLYD(QFDPELRODVGHFLVLRQHV
MXGLFLDOHVSXHGHQFRQIRUPDUXQFRQMXQWRSHURWDQVRORDSDUWLUGHXQDVLPSOHVXPD3RUORWDQWRQRVHUtDQ
XQFRQFHSWRJHQHUDOVLQRWDQVRORXQDSOXUDOLGDGGHDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVVHPHMDQWHVRFRQDOJXQDFRLQFLGHQFLD
PHGLDQWH
3RU HMHPSOR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH HIHFWXDU H[FHSFLRQHV D ODV SUHVFULSFLRQHV JHQHUDOHV FRQ
IXQGDPHQWRHQHOSULQFLSLRGHHTXLGDGOD&RUWH6XSUHPDGH-XVWLFLD\ORVWULEXQDOHVDUJHQWLQRVKDQUHDOL]DGR
(O WpUPLQR©GHSRVLWDULRVªVH GHEHDTXH 6DXVVXUHGHVFULEHD ODOHQJXDFRPR XQFRQMXQWRGH DFXxDFLRQHVGHSRVLWDGDVHQ FDGD
FHUHEUR\ODFRPSDUDFRQXQGLFFLRQDULRFX\RVHMHPSODUHVVRQUHSDUWLGRVHQWUHORVLQGLYLGXRV
&IUSAUSSURE,)HUGLQDQGGH&XUVRGH«, RSFLWS
,GHP S/D YHUVLyQIUDQFHVD GLFH©3RXUWRXWHV FHVUDLVRQV LOVHUDLWFKLPpULTXH GHUpXQLU VRXVXQPrPH SRLQWGH YXHOD
ODQJXHHWOD SDUROH/HWRXW JOREDOGXODQJDJH HVWLQFRQQDLVVDEOHSDUFHTX¶LO Q¶HVWSDVKRPRJqQH WDQGLVTXHOD GLVWLQFWLRQHWOD
VXERUGLQDWLRQSURSRVpHVpFODLUHQWWRXWªSAUSSURE,)HUGLQDQGGH&RXUVGH«, RSFLWS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 51
GLIHUHQWHVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV ODVFXDOHV SDUHFLHUDQVHUPiVELHQXQD VXPDGH GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV TXHXQD
DWULEXFLyQGHVHQWLGRGHOSULQFLSLRPHQFLRQDGR6REUHVLODVHJXULGDGMXUtGLFDVHYHPHQRVFDEDGDHQDTXHOORV
FDVRVHQ ORV TXHVH SURGXFHQGLIHUHQFLDV GH VHQWLGRVLQWHUSUHWDWLYRV HVLQWHUHVDQWH GHVWDFDU TXHOD &RUWH
6XSUHPDDUJHQWLQDKD VHxDODGRTXH HQ HOSURFHVRGH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ ORVMXHFHV QR SXHGHQLQFXUULU HQ OD
DUELWUDULHGDGSHURVLXQDQRUPDDSOLFDEOHSHUPLWHXQDSOXUDOLGDGGHSRVLELOLGDGHVLQWHUSUHWDWLYDVORVMXHFHV
SXHGHQHOHJLUHQWUHHOODVOHJtWLPD\OHJDOPHQWH$VLPLVPRRWURV WULEXQDOHVKDQGHVWDFDGRTXHODHTXLGDG
QRKDVLGR HVWDEOHFLGDHQHOVLVWHPD MXUtGLFRDUJHQWLQRFRPRXQD LQVWLWXFLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODOH\\SRU
HOORQRHVIXHQWHGLUHFWDGHOGHUHFKR6RODPHQWHVHDSOLFDFXDQGRODOH\VHUHPLWHDHOODHVWRHVXQDVXHUWH
GHHTXLGDGHVSHFt¿FD \FDVXtVWLFD'HVGHXQDPLUDGDPiVKROtVWLFD DXQVLVHFRQVLGHUDTXHODHTXLGDG HV
SDUWHDXQTXH VHDLPSOtFLWDGH WRGRHO RUGHQDPLHQWR©>H@VFODUR TXHLPSRUWD XQHOHPHQWRGHLQGLVFXWLEOH
YDORUSDUDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODVQRUPDVSRVLWLYDVSDUDORJUDUODMXVWLFLDTXHHOFDVRUHTXLHUHSHURQRFDEH
DFXGLUDODHTXLGDG SDUDVRVOD\DUODVGLUHFWLYDVFRQFUHWDVGHOVLVWHPDOHJDOYLJHQWHª La obligación de los
MXHFHVHVUHVROYHU ODVFDXVDVVRPHWLGDV DVXGHFLVLyQFRQVXMHFLyQDOD OH\VLQSRGHU VRVOD\DUODQRUPDWLYD
EDMRHOUHFXUVRDUJXPHQWDOGHODHTXLSH\D$VtFDEHUHD¿UPDUODVHJXULGDGMXUtGLFDTXHHVWDPELpQXQLQWHUpV
GHODMXVWLFLD
&XDQGR ORV MXHFHV WRPDQ XQD GHFLVLyQ MXVWL¿FDQ VX DFWXDU PHGLDQWH OD H[SOLFLWDFLyQ GH ORV DUJXPHQWRV
FRQGXFHQWHVD HOODHQWUHORV FXDOHVIUHFXHQWHPHQWH ¿JXUDQSULQFLSLRVJHQHUDOHV GHOGHUHFKR \HOUHFXUVR
DOD LGHDGHMXVWLFLD \HTXLGDG$Vt DOJXQDVVHQWHQFLDVKDQVLGRFDOL¿FDGDV FRPRDUELWUDULDV SRUFRQWUDULDU
HOSULQFLSLRGH HTXLGDGSRUHMHPSOR SXHGHQFRQVXOWDUVHORV IDOORVDXQTXH WDPELpQKD
UHPDUFDGROD&RUWH TXH OD PHUDLQYRFDFLyQ GH OD HTXLGDGRHO FULWHULR MXGLFLDOVREUHOR TXH GHELHUD VHU
HTXLWDWLYRQRHVIXQGDPHQWRVX¿FLHQWHGHOIDOOR
(Q FRQVRQDQFLD FRQ OR GLFKR SDUD OD MXULVSUXGHQFLD GHO Pi[LPR WULEXQDO DUJHQWLQR XQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
FRQGXFHQWH D XQD VROXFLyQ QRWRULDPHQWH LQMXVWD R D XQD LQLTXLGDG SXHGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR XQD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHURJDWRULD GHOHVStULWX GHOD OH\\D TXHGHVQDWXUDOL]DUtD HO¿Q GHODV QRUPDV(YDGH DVtHO
iPELWR GH OR UD]RQDEOHPHQWH SRVLEOH GH HVWD PDQHUD HQFXDGUD HQ OR TXH OD &RUWH KD GHQRPLQDGR XQD
DSOLFDFLyQSDOPDULDPHQWH LQGHELGDXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ LQ¿HOR HTXLYRFDGDGHVQDWXUDOL]DGRUDR TXHWRUQD
LQRSHUDQWHODQRUPD
7UDVODGHVFULSFLyQGHOPRGHORVDXVVXUHDQRTXHDFHQW~DODGLFRWRPtDHQWUHOHQJXD\KDEODRVLVWHPD\DFWRV
LQGLYLGXDOHV\VXUHSHUFXVLyQHQHOFDPSRMXUtGLFRDSDUWLUGHXQSDUDOHOLVPRFDEHVHxDODUDOJXQDVFUtWLFDV
DHVWDYLVLyQSDUDOXHJRHIHFWXDUODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVUHIRUPXODFLRQHV
5 Críticas al modelo saussureano
5.1 Crítica al menosprecio a la interdependencia entre el sistema y los actos individuales
(QODyUELWD WpFQLFRGLVFLSOLQDU GHOD OLQJtVWLFD 0DUWLQHWDSXQWDTXH OD GLVWLQFLyQTXHHIHFW~D 6DXVVXUH
HQFLHUUDHO SHOLJURGH SRGHUKDFHUFUHHUTXHHO KDEODWLHQH XQDRUJDQL]DFLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODOHQJXD\
TXHDFDGDH[WUHPROHFRUUHVSRQGHVHUHVWXGLDGRSRUXQDGLVFLSOLQDOLQJtVWLFDGLIHUHQWH'HKHFKRPiVTXH
HQFHUUDUHO SHOLJUR 6DXVVXUHHVWDEOHFH H[SOtFLWDPHQWHOD H[LVWHQFLDGHXQD OLQJtVWLFDGHO KDEOD\GH XQD
OLQJtVWLFDGHODOHQJXD$GHPiVHOOLQJLVWDVXL]RVyORGHVDUUROODHVWD~OWLPDYHUWLHQWH(QHVHVHQWLGRPiV
TXHXQULHVJR SURSLRGHOD GLFRWRPtDODELIXUFDFLyQGLVFLSOLQDUVDXVVXUHDQDHVXQD UHDOLGDG6LQHPEDUJR
VyORDWUDYpVGHOKDEODVHWLHQHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODOHQJXD
9HUORVIDOORV\
&*)F&52\2WUDV6XPDULR&iPDUD&LYLO&RPHUFLDO/DERUDO\0LQHUtD
+LMRVGH 0LJXHO6LPyQF +LODULR(QIHUUHOV 0DQXWHQFLyQ&iPDUDGH$SHODFLRQHV &LYLO&RPHUFLDO0LQDV3D] \7ULEXWDULR
0HQGR]D0HQGR]D
9HUORVIDOORV\
9HUORVIDOORV
HQWUHRWURV
&IUMARTINET$QGUp(OHPHQWRVGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO0DGULG*UHGRVS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 52
$VLPLVPRWRPDUFRPRREMHWRGHODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRH[FOXVLYDPHQWHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDV\HORUGHQDPLHQWR
TXHHVWDVFRQIRUPDQHQWUDxDGHMDU GHODGRHO HVWXGLRGHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV RELHQDEVWUDHU DVSHFWRV
SURSLRVGHVXPDULTXH]DTXHFRQWUDGLJDQDODSHUVSHFWLYDIRFDOL]DGDVRORHQHOVLVWHPD5HOHJDUHVWHH[WUHPR
KDFHTXHVHSLHUGDGHYLVWDODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHHVWRVREMHWRV\VHDtVOHODFRQFUHFLyQGHORVUHSDUWRVMXUtGLFRV
HQWUHORVVHUHVKXPDQRV
1RREVWDQWHFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHHVWHSUREOHPDHVPiVELHQHSLVWHPROyJLFRTXHRQWROyJLFRSXHVWRTXHUHPDUFD
una forma de acercarse al derechoEDVDGDHQGHVFDUWDUXQDIDFHWDGHHVWH1RREVWDQWHHVWDDFFLyQFLHQWt¿FD
QRGHWHUPLQDHOYHUGDGHURVHUGHORMXUtGLFR\QRHOLPLQDODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDV\HOVLVWHPD
TXHFRQIRUPDQSRUXQODGR\ODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVSRUHORWUR
5.2 Crítica a la no consideración de los efectos de los actos individuales en otros de igual índole
%DMWtQ concentra sus críticas al &XUVRGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO a partir de plantear el menosprecio del rol del
R\HQWHHQHOHVTXHPDFRPXQLFDWLYRVDXVVXUHDQR(OOLQJLVWDVRYLpWLFRDSXQWDTXHVLELHQQRVHORSXHGH
FDOL¿FDUGH IDOVRVtVHSXHGHGHFLU TXHQRUHVSRQGHDOD WRWDOLGDGGHO SURFHVRGLDOyJLFR3RUHOFRQWUDULR
VyORUHSUHVHQWDXQLQVWDQWHGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQKXPDQD(OJUDQGHIHFWRTXHSRVHHHVWHHVTXHPDHV TXHVH
PHQRVSUHFLDHOUROTXHWLHQHHOR\HQWH(OSDSHOGHORWUR©RWURªHQUHODFLyQFRQHOKDEODQWHVyORVHWRPDHQ
FXHQWDFRPRHOGHOR\HQWHSDVLYRHOGHOTXHFRPSUHQGHDOKDEODQWH\HV~QLFDPHQWHXQUHFHSWRUGHOPHQVDMH
$VtODOHQJXD WDQVRORUHTXLHUH DOKDEODQWH\VLIXQFLRQD FRPR YHKtFXORGH FRPXQLFDFLyQ HVGH IRUPD
DFFLGHQWDO\DFFHVRULD/RTXHVHROYLGDDTXtVHJ~Q%DMWtQHVTXHWRGDFRPSUHQVLyQFRQOOHYDXQDUHVSXHVWD
SRUSDUWHGHOR\HQWH
'H PDQHUD FRQFRUGDQWH &RVHULX PHQFLRQD TXH 9RVVOHU LQVLVWtD WDPELpQ HQ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH XQ IDFWRU
LJQRUDGRKDVWDVXpSRFDHOR\HQWH'DGRTXH OD¿QDOLGDGGHODFWR OLQJtVWLFRHVFRPXQLFDUDOJRDDOJXLHQ
QRVHSXHGHVRVOD\DUODQHFHVLGDGGHFRQWDUFRQDOPHQRVGRVLQGLYLGXRVTXHIRUPHQSDUWH GHOGLiORJR$
VXYH]SDUDHOOLQJLVWDUXPDQRHQFRQWUDSRVLFLyQFRQ6DXVVXUHMXVWDPHQWHHODFWROLQJtVWLFRQRSHUWHQHFH
VRORDXQLQGLYLGXRVLQRTXHHVWHHVDOPLVPRWLHPSRLQGLYLGXDO\VRFLDO
/DUpSOLFDGHOR\HQWHSXHGHVHUPiVRPHQRVLQPHGLDWDRVXOOHJDGDSXHGHGLODWDUVHODUJDPHQWHHQHOWLHPSR
SHURWDUGH R WHPSUDQROR TXHVH R\H GHRWURV UHVXUJHHQ ORVGLVFXUVRVSRVWHULRUHV GHDKt TXH H[LVWDXQD
SROLIRQtDXQDPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHYRFHV
(QHIHFWRHO R\HQWH DOSHUFLELU \ FRPSUHQGHUHO VLJQL¿FDGR OLQJtVWLFRGHO GLVFXUVR VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH
WRPDFRQUHVSHFWRD pVWHXQDDFWLYDSRVWXUDGH UHVSXHVWDHVWiRQRHVWi GHDFXHUGRFRQHOGLVFXUVR WRWDOR
SDUFLDOPHQWHORFRPSOHWDOR DSOLFDVHSUHSDUDSDUD XQDDFFLyQHWF\OD SRVWXUDGHUHVSXHVWDGHO R\HQWH
HVWiHQIRUPDFLyQDORODUJRGHWRGRHOSURFHVRGHDXGLFLyQ\FRPSUHQVLyQGHVGHHOSULQFLSLRDYHFHVDSDUWLU
GHODVSULPHUDVSDODEUDVGHOKDEODQWH
/DFRPSUHQVLyQTXH HIHFW~DHOR\HQWH \ODUHVSXHVWD TXHHQpO VHJHVWDLPSOLFDQ XQDHWDSDWDPELpQDFWLYD
GHOGLiORJR'HDKtHOUHSXGLRDODFDOL¿FDFLyQFRPRGHPHUDPHQWHSDVLYDTXHVHOHDWULEX\HHQHOHVTXHPD
VDXVVXUHDQR3DUD%DMWtQHVWHR\HQWHQRHVUHDOVLQRFRPSOHWDPHQWH¿FWLFLR3RUXQODGR6DXVVXUHQRDFODUD
6REUHHOSRVLWLYLVPRMXUtGLFRFRPRPRGRGHDFHUFDUVHDOGHUHFKRRFRPRapproachDHVWHYHUBOBBIO1RUEHUWREl problema del
SRVLWLYLVPRMXUtGLFR%XHQRV$LUHV(XGHEDSS\$OOtHVWHDXWRUVRVWLHQH TXHHQHVWDDFHSFLyQGHOSRVLWLYLVPR
MXUtGLFRVHHVFRJHVLHPSUHORVSULPHURVH[WUHPRVHQWUHODVGLFRWRPtDVGHOGHUHFKRFRPRKHFKRRHOGHUHFKRFRPRYDORUHOGHUHFKR
FRPRHV\HOGHUHFKRFRPRGHEHVHUHOGHUHFKRUHDO\HOGHUHFKRLGHDO
$OUHVSHFWRSDUDDPSOLDUYHUBAJTÍN0LMDtO(VWpWLFDGHODFUHDFLyQYHUEDO>7UDGGH7DWLDQD%XEQRYD@HG0p[LFR0DGULG
6LJOR;;,(QHVSHFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHHODSDUWDGR©(O(QXQFLDGRFRPRXQLGDGGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLVFXUVLYD'LIHUHQFLD
HQWUHHVWDXQLGDG\ODVXQLGDGHVGHODOHQJXDSDODEUD\RUDFLyQªLQFOXLGRHQHOFDStWXOR©(OSUREOHPDGHORVJpQHURVGLVFXUVLYRVª
3RU PRWLYRVGHH[WHQVLyQ QRVH KDLQFOXLGRDTXt HVWHHVTXHPD1R REVWDQWHUHVXOWD DPSOLDPHQWHFRQRFLGR3DUD 6DXVVXUHOD
FRPXQLFDFLyQWUDQVFXUUH HQWUHXQHQXQFLDGRU \XQ UHFHSWRU(QOD PHQWHGH FDGDXQRGH ORVVXMHWRV VHGDOD XQLyQGH ODLPDJHQ
DF~VWLFDFRQVXFRQFHSWR3RURWUDSDUWHHVWHHVTXHPDOHSHUPLWHDOOLQJLVWDJLQHEULQRPRVWUDUFyPRHOVLJQROLQJtVWLFRVHFRPSRQH
GHDVSHFWRVItVLFRV\SVLFROyJLFRV
 (VWD LGHD SXHGH VHU FRQVXOWDGD HQ VOSSLER .DUO 3RVLWLYLVPXV XQG ,GHDOLVPXV LQ GHU 6SUDFKZLVVHQVFKDIW (LQH VSUDFK
SKLORVRSKLVFKH 8QWHUVXFKXQJ +HLGHOEHUJ .DUO :LQWHU¶V8QLYHUVLWlWVEXFKKDQGOXQJ  7DPELpQ VH KD XWLOL]DGR OD YHUVLyQ
LWDOLDQDVOSSLER .DUO3RVLWLYLVPR H,GHDOLVPR QHOOD6FLHQ]DGHO /LQJXDJJLR>7UDG GH7RPDVVR*QROL@ %DUL*LXV /DWHU]D
)LJOL
&IUCOSERIU(XJHQLR,QWURGXFFLyQDODOLQJtVWLFD0DGULG*UHGRVSS
BAJTÍN,0LMDtO. 2SFLWS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 53
que el momento descrito en el esquema dialógico sea tan solo un instante del proceso total, pero tampoco se
GHVDUUROODQLVHFRPSOHWDHOUHVWRGHOSURFHVRGHPDQHUDTXHLQGLTXHODUHOHYDQFLDTXHWLHQHHOUHFHSWRUHQpO
$~QPiV HOKDEODQWH PLVPRFXHQWD FRQXQDFRPSUHQVLyQDFWLYD\ SURGXFWRUDGH UHVSXHVWD'LItFLOPHQWH
XQHPLVRU VyORHVSHUHGH VXLQWHUORFXWRU TXH~QLFDPHQWH UHSURGX]FDXQDLGHD HQVX FDEH]D4XLHQ KDEOD
HVSHUDFRQWHVWDFLyQ SDUWLFLSDFLyQFRQVHQWLPLHQWRDVHQWLPLHQWR REMHFLyQDFDWDPLHQWRGHXQDRUGHQ HWF
(QODPLVPDVLQWRQtD.HUEUDW2UHFFKLRQLSODQWHDXQDVHULHGHUHIRUPXODFLRQHVDOHVTXHPDFRPXQLFDWLYRGH
-DNREVRQD¿QGHUHVDOWDUODFRPSOHMLGDGGHOKHFKRFRPXQLFDFLRQDOHQUHODFLyQFRQORVIDFWRUHVGHOFLUFXLWR
$VtDJUHJDGLVWLQWDVFRPSHWHQFLDVUHVWULFFLRQHV\GHWHUPLQDFLRQHVTXHSRQHQHQUHOLHYHODFRPSOHMLGDGGH
ODVLQVWDQFLDVHPLVRUD\UHFHSWRUD
8QHVTXHPDVHPHMDQWHDOVDXVVXUHDQRDSOLFDGRDOGHUHFKRHVGHFLUTXHFRQWHPSOHQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV
\ HO RUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR TXH HVWDV FRQIRUPDQ GLULJLGDV D ORV VXMHWRV QRUPDWLYRV TXH ODV UHFHSWDQ GH
PDQHUDSDVLYDWDPELpQHVLQVX¿FLHQWH\SDUFLDO/RVUHFHSWRUHVUHDOL]DQXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVHQXQFLDGRV
QRUPDWLYRVTXHUHODFLRQDGRV UHJXODQXQFDVRFRQFUHWRORFRPSUHQGHQFRQIRUPH DVXVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV\D
VXFRQWH[WR\QR FRQIRUPHH[DFWDPHQWHDFyPRORWXYRHQFXHQWDOD DXWRULGDGQRUPDWLYD'HHVWDPDQHUD
H[LVWHQWDQWRVVHQWLGRVGHODV QRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHV \GHORUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFRTXHHOODVFRQIRUPDQ
FRPRGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVVHGHEDQWRPDU
3RURWURODGRSDXODWLQDPHQWHHOFRQMXQWRGHORVDFWRVKHUPHQpXWLFRVGHORVLQGLYLGXRVODEUDQPRGL¿FDFLRQHV
HQHOVLVWHPD(OVHQWLGRGHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVQRVHDXWRGHWHUPLQDVLQRTXHVHGH¿QHDSDUWLUGH
ODVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVTXHUHDOL]DQORVMXHFHV\TXHVRQYROFDGDVHQVXVGHFLVLRQHVHVWRHVGHFyPRDFW~DQ\
SRQHQHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRDODOX]GHXQFDVRFRQFUHWR$VtODVVHQWHQFLDVVHLQVSLUDQ
XQDVDRWUDV(OFRQFHSWRGHSROLIRQtDEDMWLQLDQDHVDSOLFDEOHDODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVORVSUHFHGHQWHVOR
TXHRWURVKDQ GHFLGLGRORTXH RWURVKDQLQWHUSUHWDGRHLQFOXVRORTXHODDXWRULGDGQRUPDWLYD KDWHQLGRHQ
PHQWHUHJXODUPXFKDVYHFHVWDPELpQUHDSDUHFHHQQXHYRVSURGXFWRVKHUPHQpXWLFRVTXHUHDOL]DQXQUHSDUWR
MXUtGLFR
5.3 Crítica a la no consideración de la carga activa que se da entre todos los sujetos actuantes
7DPELpQDSDUWLUGHORVSRVWXODGRVEDMWLQLDQRVVHFULWLFDHOROYLGRGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODH[SUHVLyQ\GHOD
GHOLPLWDFLyQGHORVHQXQFLDGRVSRUSDUWHGHORVVXMHWRVKDEODQWHVHQHOHVTXHPDFRPXQLFDWLYRGH6DXVVXUH
(OGLVFXUVRH[LVWH HQ ODUHDOLGDGD WUDYpV GH HQXQFLDGRVFRQFUHWRV TXH SHUWHQHFHQ DORV KDEODQWHV D ORV
VXMHWRVGLVFXUVLYRV\D TXH HVWRVVRQ TXLHQHV GHOLPLWDQVXV IURQWHUDV 3DUD%DMWtQORV HQXQFLDGRV VRQHO
REMHWRGHO GLVFXUVR \DTXH WLHQHQIURQWHUDV (VWDV IURQWHUDVUDGLFDQ HQOD DOWHUQDFLyQ GHORV KDEODQWHVHV
GHFLUXQHQXQFLDGRFRQFOX\HFXDQGRHOVXMHWRKDEODQWHFDOOD\OHFHGHHOWXUQRDVXLQWHUORFXWRU$GHPiVOD
FRQFOXVLyQGHOHQXQFLDGRHVWiIRUPXODGDSRUODFRPSUHQVLELOLGDGGHOFRQWHQLGR\ODLQWHQFLyQGHHVWH(OOR
HQFRQWUDSRVLFLyQFRQ ORVHOHPHQWRVGH ODOHQJXDODVSDODEUDV\ODVRUDFLRQHVTXHVRQLPSHUVRQDOHV TXH
QRVRQHQXQFLDGDVSRUQDGLHQLSDUDQDGLH6XFRPSOHWLWXG²\HQHVSHFLDOODGHODVRUDFLRQHV²QRVHKDOOD
VLQRHQHOPDUFRGHXQHQXQFLDGRGLVFXUVLYR(VWDLGHDUHPLWHDRWUDVGRVYLQFXODGDVDODUHOHYDQFLDGHOD
H[SUHVLyQSDUDODOHQJXD\HOFRQFHSWRRPiVELHQORVFRQFHSWRVGHDOWHULGDG
'HDFXHUGRD%DMWtQ GLFHTXHODVSDODEUDVGHODOHQJXDQRVRQGHQDGLH6LQHPEDUJRDOPLVPRWLHPSR
VRORODVRtPRVHQHQXQFLDGRV LQGLYLGXDOHVHQORV FXDOHVQRVRORDSDUHFHXQPDWL]WtSLFRVLQR WDPELpQXQD
H[SUHVLYLGDGLQGLYLGXDO¿MDGDHQHOFRQWH[WRSDUWLFXODUHLUUHSHWLEOH
(QFXDQWRDHQHOGLiORJRHOSXQWR¿QDOGHXQHQXQFLDGROOHJDFXDQGRFDPELDHOVXMHWRKDEODQWH(QHVWH
VHQWLGRSXHGHQRWDUVHTXHODDOWHULGDGVHSUHVHQWDHQODSRVWXUDGHHVWHDXWRUGHGRVPDQHUDVXQDSULPHUD
HQODQHFHVLGDGGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHGRVVXMHWRVGLDORJDQWHV\TXHLPSOLFDORVUROHVGHVXMHWRKDEODQWH\VXMHWR
R\HQWHFRQ ODFDUJDDFWLYD TXHDPERV LPSOLFDQ\XQDVHJXQGD HQOD DOWHUQDQFLDTXH VH SURGXFHHQ HO
GLiORJRSXHVWRTXHDFDGDHQXQFLDGROHFRUUHVSRQGHUtDVXUpSOLFD
&IU,GHPS\KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI&DWKHULQH/DHQXQFLDFLyQ'HODVXEMHWLYLGDGHQHOOHQJXDMH>7UDGGH*ODG\V$QIRUD
\(PPD*UHJRUHV@HG%XHQRV$LUHV(GLFLDO
&IUBAJTÍN0LMDtO2SFLWS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 54
$VtFRPR ODUHDOLGDG FRQFUHWDGHOGLVFXUVR HVVX HQXQFLDFLyQSRU SDUWHGH ORVVXMHWRVHOUHSDUWRMXUtGLFR
DEVWUDFWRR VHDOD DGMXGLFDFLyQGH GHUHFKRV\REOLJDFLRQHVTXHSUHVFULEHHOVLVWHPD GHQRUPDV MXUtGLFDV
JHQHUDOHVWDPELpQFREUDVHQWLGRDSDUWLUGHVXDSOLFDFLyQFRQFUHWDHVGHFLUJUDFLDVDVHUUHSDUWRVGHELHQHV
GHWHUPLQDGRVHQWUHSDUWHVWDPELpQLQGLYLGXDOL]DGDV(VWRGHULYDHQTXHHOUHSDUWRMXUtGLFRHQDEVWUDFWRHQ
UHDOLGDGQROHSHUWHQH]FDDQLQJ~QVXMHWRHQSDUWLFXODUODVFRVDVD ODVTXHVH UH¿HUHQODVQRUPDV MXUtGLFDV
JHQHUDOHVVRQFRQFHSWRVJHQpULFRVSHURHVWDVLWXDFLyQFDPELDFXDQGRXQMXH]GHFLGHTXpOHHVGHELGRDTXLpQ
\TXLpQHVHOVXMHWRGHXGRU(VWDVGHFLVLRQHVVRQ~QLFDVHLUUHSHWLEOHVSRUTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUODVQRWDV
GHFDGDFDVRHQSDUWLFXODUDXQFXDQGRVHDQ LQVSLUDGDVSRUODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVFRPRSDXWDVGHO
UHSDUWR
(QFXDQWRDODGLDORJLFLGDGFRPRDSRUWHHVWDVHYHHQGRVLQVWDQFLDV/DSULPHUDGHHOODVVHGDHQODPLVPD
QDWXUDOH]DGHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHVRQPHQVDMHVDVHUFRPXQLFDGRVDORVVXMHWRVQRUPDWLYRV\D
ORVMXHFHVTXHGHEHQDSOLFDUODV/DVHJXQGDRFXUUHHQODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVTXHGHEHQQHFHVDULDPHQWHVHU
FRPXQLFDGDVDODVSDUWHVLQYROXFUDGDVHQXQFRQÀLFWROOHYDGRDQWHORVHVWUDGRVFRPRGHVWLQDWDULRVGLUHFWRV
\D ORV PLHPEURVGH ODFRPXQLGDG \ DRWURV MXHFHVFRPR GHVWLQDWDULRV LQGLUHFWRV En ambos casos, los
UHFHSWRUHVLQWHUSUHWDQORVPHQVDMHV\DOKDFHUHVWRGHIRUPDDFWLYD\QRPHUDPHQWHSDVLYDDOGHVHQWUDxDU
HOPHQVDMHPRGL¿FDQ OHYHPHQWHHOVLJQL¿FDGR ORFRPSOHWDQORFRPSDUDQFRQH[SHULHQFLDVDQWHULRUHVVH
SUHSDUDQSDUDDFWXDUHQFRQIRUPLGDGRQRFRQpOHWF
(OGHVWLQDWDULRGH ODQRUPDMXUtGLFDHVWDPELpQXQDFWRU DFWLYR²YDOJDODUHGXQGDQFLD²\UHOHYDQWHHQ HO
SURFHVRGHQRUPDWLYLGDG (VTXLHQFRPSUHQGH\DFW~DHQFRQVHFXHQFLD (OUHFHSWRUHVXQKHUPHQHXWDTXH
GHVDUUROODXQDODERUGHGHVHQWUDxDPLHQWRDFWLYDTXHYDPiVDOOiGHORVGDWRVGHOPHQVDMH\TXHFRQWHPSOD
VXSURSLRFRQWH[WRVXVSURSLDVYLYHQFLDVVXSURFHVRLQWHOHFWXDO\YROXQWDG
$GHPiVFODUDPHQWHHOHPLVRUHVSHUDGHVXVLQWHUORFXWRUHVXQDUHVSXHVWDHQHOFDVRGHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDV
JHQHUDOHV R ELHQ GH DGHFXDFLyQ D OD QRUPD R QR HQ HVWH ~OWLPR FDVR FRQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV MXUtGLFDV
SHUWLQHQWHV(QHO FDVRGHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVHQUHODFLyQ FRQODVSDUWHVORV MXHFHVHQVXVGHFLVLRQHV
YXHOFDQDUJXPHQWRVD¿QGHORJUDUTXHORVGHVWLQDWDULRVODVDFDWHQ\PHGLDWDPHQWHSDUDTXHHQFDVRGHTXH
VHSODQWHHXQUHFXUVRHVWDVQRVHDQUHYRFDGDV
&RQVLGHUDFLRQHV¿QDOHV3URSXHVWDGHUHIRUPXODFLyQDO PRGHORVDXVVXUHDQRHQHOGHUH-
cho
7DOFRPRVHKDVHxDODGRDQWHULRUPHQWHDUDt]GHODVFUtWLFDVDODYLVLyQVDXVVXUHDQDSDUDODOLQJtVWLFD\EDMR
ODLQVSLUDFLyQGHDOJXQDVLGHDVWRPDGDVGH&RVHULXDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHH[SRQHXQDUHIRUPXODFLyQDOPRGHOR
GHODGLFRWRPtDSURSXHVWRHQSULPHUOXJDU
(VWDUHIRUPXODFLyQVHEDVDHQDTXHOODVD¿UPDFLRQHVVDXVVXUHDQDVTXHVHxDODQTXHHOVLVWHPDSRUXQODGR
SRVHHQDWXUDOH]DVRFLDO \SHUWHQHFHD ODID]SDVLYD \ORVDFWRV LQGLYLGXDOHVSRUHO RWURVRQHVHQFLDOPHQWH
SDUWLFXODUHV\ DVRFLDOHV\SHUWHQHFHQDOD ID]DFWLYD HQHOFDVRGHOD OLQJtVWLFDOD OHQJXDVHXELFDHQHO
SULPHUH[WUHPR\HOKDEODHQHOVHJXQGRPLHQWUDVTXHHQODYLVLyQSDUDOHODGHOGHUHFKRHORUGHQDPLHQWR
MXUtGLFRSRVHHODVSULPHUDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\ODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVODVVHJXQGDV$VLPLVPRVHVXVWHQWD
HQODVFUtWLFDV TXHVHxDODQTXHHO SULPHUPRGHORQR WLHQHHQFXHQWDORVHIHFWRVGHORVDFWRVGHORVRWURV
VXMHWRV\VXUHDSDULFLyQHQORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVTXHQRFRQVLGHUDODFDUJDDFWLYDTXHVH GDHQWUHWRGRV
ORVVXMHWRVDFWXDQWHV\TXHVHPHQRVSUHFLDODLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDHQWUHVLVWHPD\DFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV
(QHVWHPDUFRODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVFRQVWLWX\HQSURGXFWRVGHODDFWLYLGDGGHFLVRUDMXGLFLDO\SRUORWDQWR
SHUWHQHFHQDOSODQRLQGLYLGXDO \SRVHHQXQJUDGRGHDEVWUDFFLyQPD\RUTXHODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDO
(VWDIRUPDOL]DFLyQGLVWLQJXHODDFWLYLGDGPLHQWUDVRFXUUHIHQyPHQR LQDVLEOHHQWpUPLQRVVDXVVXUHDQRV GH
XQDFWRLQGLYLGXDOWRPDGRHQDEVWUDFFLyQGHODHMHFXFLyQPLVPD
,QGLUHFWDPHQWHHVWDV GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVWDPELpQVH GLULJHQDOUHVWR GHODFRPXQLGDGMXUtGLFD \DRWURVMXHFHV HQHVSHFLDOD
ORVGHVXSHULRU MHUDUTXtDSXHVWRTXHSRVHHQ XQDSUHWHQVLyQVHFXQGDULD ODSULPDULDHVOD GHFRQYHQFHU\SHUVXDGLU DODVSDUWHV GH
FRQYHQFHUUHVSHFWRGHORVDUJXPHQWRVDOOtYHUWLGRVSDUDTXHQRVHDQUHYRFDGDV
/DVLGHDVWRPDGDVFRPRLQVSLUDGRUDVVHHQFXHQWUDQSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQCOSERIU(XJHQLR©6LVWHPDQRUPD\KDEODª(QCOSERIU,
(XJHQLR7HRUtDGHO/HQJXDMH \/LQJtVWLFD*HQHUDO &LQFRHVWXGLRV HG0DGULG*UHGRV SS$TXtQR VH
LQFOX\HXQGHVDUUROORGHHOODVSRUPRWLYRVGHH[WHQVLyQ
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 55
/D FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH OD LQGLYLGXDOLGDG GH ODV GHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHV VL ELHQ VH UHODFLRQD FRQ HO KHFKR GH
VHU HQXQFLDGDV SRU XQ MXH] IUHQWH D GHWHUPLQDGDV SDUWHV \ DQWH FLHUWR FDVR FRQFUHWR QR VH UH¿HUH D OD
SHUWHQHQFLDH[FOXVLYDDXQ LQGLYLGXRRDODSDUWLFXODULGDGGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV0iVELHQVHGHEHHQWHQGHU
ODLQGLYLGXDOLGDGFRPRODRULJLQDOLGDG\ODXQLFLGDGFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVSXHVWRTXH
HVWDVVRQLQWXLFLRQHVLQpGLWDVGHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRIUHQWHDFLHUWRVKHFKRV1XQFDVRQLJXDOHVHQWUHVt
QLVLTXLHUDHQHOPLVPRVXMHWRGHFLVRURDQWHODVPLVPDVSDUWHV
/DVGHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHVVH FDUDFWHUL]DQSRUODFUHDWLYLGDGSRU ODFXDO FUHDQUHSDUWRV ~QLFRV\VLQJXODUHV
1RREVWDQWH HVWD FUHDWLYLGDGHQFXHQWUD FLHUWRV OtPLWHVSRU XQ ODGRVH GHEH WHQHUHQ FXHQWDHOUDQJR GH
SRVLELOLGDGHVLQWHUSUHWDWLYDV TXHKDELOLWD HORUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFRHQFXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLDHVGHFLUHQ
HOJUDGR PiVDEVWUDFWR \SRU HORWUR VHGHEH FRQVLGHUDUHOFRQMXQWR GHLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV \DHIHFWXDGDV \
DFWXDOHVGHOVLVWHPDHVGHFLUHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRHQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVKHUPHQpXWLFDV(VWRVOtPLWHVD
la libertad decisora se imponen a efectos de lograr que las normas tengan medianamente el mismo sentido y
TXHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVVHDQFRPSUHQVLEOHV\DFHSWDEOHV3RURWURODGRFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHGRVSULQFLSLRV
IXQGDPHQWDOHV HQ WRGR (VWDGR GH GHUHFKR VRQ OD LJXDOGDG IRUPDO DQWH OD OH\ \ OD VHJXULGDG MXUtGLFD OR
FXDOUHTXLHUHQHFHVDULDPHQWH TXH H[LVWD XQUDQJRGH LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV YiOLGDV \RWUDV TXH QR SXHGDQVHU
FRQVLGHUDGDVFRPRSURSLDVGHODVQRUPDV
$OD OX] GH OR GLFKR VL ELHQ ODV GHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHV VRQ LQGLYLGXDOHV SRU VX QDWXUDOH]D VH HQFXHQWUDQ
VRFLDOPHQWHYLQFXODGDVSRUVX¿QDOLGDG(VWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHVHUVRFLDOHVGHYLHQHGHGRVLQVWDQFLDVSRU
ODGLDORJLFLGDG QHFHVDULD\SURSLDGHODV VHQWHQFLDV\ SRUODSROLIRQtDTXH HOODVHQFLHUUDQ /DSULPHUD
SRUFXDQWRLPSOLFDTXHODVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVVHDQFRPXQLFDGDVDODVSDUWHVFRPRDXGLWRULRGLUHFWR\D
RWURVMXHFHV\ODFRPXQLGDGMXUtGLFDHQJHQHUDOFRPRDXGLWRULRLQGLUHFWR3RUORWDQWRSDUDVHUFRPXQLFDGDV
GHEHQSRVHHUDOJ~QSDUiPHWURGHHQWHQGLPLHQWRHQFRP~QFRQORVGHVWLQDWDULRVGHORVFXDOHVVHHVSHUDTXH
FRPSUHQGDQHOPHQVDMHORFRPSDUWDQ\ORDFDWHQ,QFOXVRHQHOFDVRGHRWURVMXHFHVTXHDFHSWHQHOVHQWLGR
SURSXHVWR\ORDSOLTXHQHQVXVSURSLDVGHFLVLRQHVIXWXUDV/DVHJXQGDSRUTXHFDGDGHFLVLyQQRHVLQQRYDFLyQ
SXUDVLQR UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GHOVLVWHPD UHWRPDOR \D LQWHUSUHWDGRGHVFDUWD FLHUWRVFULWHULRV UHD¿UPD RWURV
FUHDDOJRQXHYRSHURDFHSWDEOHGHQWURGHOFDPSRVHPiQWLFRFRQWH[WXDOL]DGRGHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR(VWD
SROLIRQtDKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOYtQFXORFRQOR\DLQWHUSUHWDGRSRURWURVDDTXHOORTXHHVFRPSDUWLGRFRQRWURV
DORTXHORVGHPiVKDQGLFKRGLFHQ\TXHUHVXUJHHQODVQXHYDVGHFLVLRQHV
/DVGHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV QR VRQVROR DFWRV GHFUHDFLyQ\ SXUD LQQRYDFLyQTXH TXHGDQ DODUELWULR GH ORV
MXHFHVVLQR TXHVRQ VREUHWRGR DFWRVGH UHFUHDFLyQGHDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVDQWHULRUHVTXHSRU KDEHUVLGR
DGRSWDGRV VH KDQ GLIXQGLGR \ IRUPDQ SDUWH GHO RUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR HQ FLHUWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV$ HVWH
IHQyPHQRVHORKDFDUDFWHUL]DGRFRPRXQDVXHUWHGHSDUDOHORDODSROLIRQtDEDMWLQLDQDH[SXHVWDHQODVFUtWLFDV
DOPRGHORVDXVVXUHDQRSXHVWRTXHVHORFRQVLGHUD~WLOSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUODLGHDGHODPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHYRFHV
GHLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVRGHRWURVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVTXHVLUYHQFRPRLQVXPRSDUDODWRPDGHQXHYDVGHFLVLRQHV
&RQIRUPHD ORGLFKRODV GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHV VRQDFWRV FUHDWLYRVSXHVWR TXHLQVWDXUDQQXHYRV UHSDUWRV
SHURQRWRGRHQHOODVHVFRPSOHWDPHQWHQRYHGRVRVLQRTXHWDPELpQLPSOLFDQXQUHFXUVRDORTXHUDGLFDHQOD
PHPRULDGHOVXMHWRGHFLVRUHPEHELGRGHVXSURSLRKRUL]RQWHKHUPHQpXWLFR$VtHOMXH]QRSXHGHDEVWUDHUVH
FRPSOHWDPHQWHGH ODVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV XVXDOHVGHO RUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR HQFLHUWRPRPHQWR\GHDTXHOOR
TXHHVFRUUHFWR
/DVVHQWHQFLDVQRVRQPHUDVFRSLDVGHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVVLQRTXHGHQWURGHOPDUFR TXHHOODV
RIUHFHQSRVHHQ XQDSRUFLyQGH LQYHQFLyQSHUVRQDO GHQWURGHFLHUWRV OtPLWHV3HUR QRWRGD LQQRYDFLyQ VH
FRQVDJUDFRPRXQ VHQWLGR DVRFLDGR GHODV IRUPXODFLRQHV QRUPDWLYDV VLQRTXHSDUD HOOR VH UHTXLHUHOD
aceptación y difusión de la interpretación, es decir, de su adopción, instancia en la cual pasa a formar parte
GHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRHQFLHUWRFRQWH[WR
/DFXRWD GHUHFUHDFLyQGH ODVGHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHVVH GDSRUTXH HVWDVVHQXWUHQ GHOHVWDGR KHUPHQpXWLFR
DQWHULRU \ VH YDOHQ GH HVWH FRPR LQVXPRV SDUD HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQ QXHYR UHSDUWR FRPXQLFDEOH \
FRPSDUWLEOHFRQORVGHVWLQDWDULRV/RVMXHFHVDOVHQWHQFLDUQRVRORVHYDOHQGHOVLVWHPDHQDEVWUDFWR²HVWR
HVGHORVFDPLQRVKHUPHQpXWLFRVDELHUWRV\FHUUDGRV²VLQRWDPELpQGHFyPRHVWHKDVLGRSXHVWRHQSUiFWLFD
\FyPRVHORKDLQWHUSUHWDGR\VHORLQWHUSUHWD
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 56
3DUD VLQWHWL]DU HO WHPD FHQWUDO GH HVWH DUWtFXOR VH SXHGH GHFLU TXH HV QHFHVDULR FRPSUHQGHU OD UHODFLyQ
H[LVWHQWHHQWUHHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFR\ODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVJHQHUDOHVTXHORFRPSRQHQSRUXQODGR\ODV
GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVSRUHORWUR(QSDUWLFXODUDTXtVHKDLQWHQWDGRFRPSUHQGHUODGLFRWRPtDHQWUHHOVLVWHPD
\ORVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHV DSDUWLUGHXQSDUDOHOLVPR HQWUHODFLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKR\ODOLQJtVWLFDFRQHO¿QGH
GHVHQWUDxDUDOJXQRVDVSHFWRVSRUORVFXDOHVVHDWULEX\HQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVRFLDO\HVHQFLDODXQH[WUHPR
\GHSDUWLFXODU\FRQWLQJHQWHDORWUR(VWDYLVLyQKDUHFLELGRXQFRQMXQWRGHFUtWLFDV\HVDSDUWLUGHHOODV\
GHORVSODQWHDPLHQWRV GH&RVHULXHQHO iPELWRGHODOLQJtVWLFDTXHVHKDLQWHQWDGRGLOXFLGDUXQDSRVLEOH
UXSWXUDFRQ HOHVTXHPDVDXVVXUHDQR3RUVXSXHVWR ODFXHVWLyQ HVPX\ FRPSOHMD\DPHULWDXQWUDWDPLHQWR
PD\RUTXHHOTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQHVWDV SiJLQDV1RREVWDQWHHQHVWDSXEOLFDFLyQVHKDLQWHQWDGRDOPHQRV
WUDQVLWDUDOJXQRVSDVRVHQHOFDPLQRDOFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRGHODGLFRWRPtD\SRVLEOHVDOWHUQDWLYDVDHOOD
%LEOLRJUDItD
ALCHOURRÓN&DUORV(BULYGIN(XJHQLR,QWURGXFFLyQDODPHWRGRORJtDGHODVFLHQFLDVMXUtGLFDV\VRFLDOHV
UHLPS%XHQRV$LUHV$VWUHD
ALEXY5REHUW(OFRQFHSWR\ODQDWXUDOH]DGHOGHUHFKR>7UDGGH&DUORV%HUQDO3XOLGR@0DGULG0DUFLDO
3RQV
ÁLVAREZ GARDIOL$ULHO0DQXDOGH¿ORVRItDGHOGHUHFKR%XHQRV$LUHV(GLWRULDO$VWUHD
AUSTIN-RKQ/3DODEUDV\DFFLRQHV&yPRKDFHUFRVDVFRQSDODEUDV%XHQRV$LUHV3DLGyV
BAJTÍN0LMDtO (VWpWLFD GHOD FUHDFLyQYHUEDO >7UDGGH 7DWLDQD%XEQRYD@ HG 0p[LFR6LJOR;;,

BARBERIS 0DXUR ©(VWUXFWXUD \ GLQiPLFD GH ORV VLVWHPDV MXUtGLFDVª 'R[D &XDGHUQRV GH )LORVRItD GHO
'HUHFKR>$OLFDQWH8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH@Q~P
BENVENISTEePLOH ©2MHDGDDOGHVHQYROYLPLHQWR GHOD OLQJtVWLFDª(QBENVENISTEePLOHProblemas de
OLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO,HG%XHQRV$LUHV6LJOR;;,
©6HPLRORJtDGHODOHQJXDª(QBENVENISTEePLOH3UREOHPDVGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO,,HG%XHQRV
$LUHV6LJOR;;,
BERNAL&DUORV /©8QDQiOLVLV GHODV GHFLVLRQHVMXGLFLDOHVFRQ EDVHHQ ODWHRUtDGH ORVDFWRV GHKDEODª
(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORIOHJDOVWXGLHVYROQ~P
BOBBIO1RUEHUWR(OSUREOHPDGHOSRVLWLYLVPRMXUtGLFR%XHQRV$LUHV(XGHED
BRONCKART-HDQ3DXOBULEA(FDWHULQDBOTA&ULVWLDQ©,QWURGXFWLRQª/HSURMHWGH)HUGLQDQG6DXVVXUH
*LQHEUD3DUtV/LEUDLULH'UR]
BULYGIN, Eugenio. ©6HQWHQFLDMXGLFLDO\FUHDFLyQGHGHUHFKRª(QALCHOURRÓN&DUORVBULYGIN(XJHQLR
$QiOLVLVOyJLFR\'HUHFKR0DGULG&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
CASAGRANDE$JXVWtQ (OtDV ©(O GLVFXUVR MXUtGLFR DSRUWHV PHWRGROyJLFRV SDUD XQ DQiOLVLV VHPLyWLFR GHO
GHUHFKRª 5HYLVWD 'HUHFKR \ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV >/D 3ODWD ,QVWLWXWR GH &XOWXUD -XUtGLFD \ 0DHVWUtD HQ
6RFLRORJtD-XUtGLFD)&-\681/3@Q~PDEULOSS
CORNU*pUDUG/LQJXLVWLTXHMXULGLTXHHG3DUtV0RQWFKUHVWLHQ
COSERIU(XJHQLR©6LVWHPDQRUPD\KDEODª(QCOSERIU(XJHQLR7HRUtDGHOOHQJXDMH\OLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO
&LQFRHVWXGLRVHG0DGULG*UHGRVSS
,QWURGXFFLyQDODOLQJtVWLFD0DGULG*UHGRVS
CUCATTO0DULDQD©(OOHQJXDMHMXUtGLFR\VX³GHVFRQH[LyQ´FRQHOOHFWRUHVSHFLDOLVWD(OFDVRGH³DPD\RU
DEXQGDPLHQWR´ª/HWUDVGH+RMH>3RUWR$OHJUH@YROSS
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 57
 ©/D ³FRQH[LyQ´ HQ ODV VHQWHQFLDV SHQDOHV GH SULPHUD LQVWDQFLD 8QD SURSXHVWD GHVGH OD OLQJtVWLFD
FRJQLWLYDª%ROHWtQGH/LQJtVWLFD>&DUDFDV@YRO;;,9SS
CUETO RÚA -XOLR &pVDU©/D MXULVSUXGHQFLDVRFLROyJLFD QRUWHDPHULFDQDª $QXDULRGH ¿ORVRItD MXUtGLFD\
social%XHQRV$LUHV$VRFLDFLyQ$UJHQWLQDGH'HUHFKR&RPSDUDGR$EHOHGR3HUURW
DE GIORGI5DIIDHOH&LHQFLDGHO'HUHFKR\OHJLWLPDFLyQ0p[LFR8QLYHUVLGDG,EHURDPHULFDQD
DERRIDA-DFTXHV'HODJUDPDWRORJtDHGHQHVSDxRO%XHQRV$LUHV0p[LFR6LJOR;;,
/DHVFULWXUD\ODGLIHUHQFLD>7UDGGH3DWULFLR3HxDOYHU@%DUFHORQD$QWKURSRV
0iUJHQHVGHOD¿ORVRItD0DGULG&iWHGUD
DOUGLAS PRICE -RUJH (GXDUGR ©¢4Xp VLVWHPD" /D LGHD GH ³VLVWHPD MXUtGLFR´ \ XQD ³FRQIXVLyQ´
HSLVWHPROyJLFDª,GHDV'HUHFKR>%XHQRV$LUHV$VRFLDFLyQ$UJHQWLQDGH)LORVRItDGHO'HUHFKR@Q~P

/DGHFLVLyQMXGLFLDO6DQWD)H5XELQ]DO&XO]RQL
GARCÍA MÁYNEZ, Eduardo,QWURGXFFLyQDO(VWXGLRGHO'HUHFKRHG0p[LFR(G3RUU~D
HERNÁNDEZ GIL$QWRQLR ©,QWURGXFFLyQDOHVWXGLRGHOHVWUXFWXUDOLVPR \HO GHUHFKRª(QHERNÁNDEZ GIL,
$QWRQLR>HWDO@(VWUXFWXUDOLVPR\'HUHFKR0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
HERNÁNDEZ MARÍN5DIDHO,QWURGXFFLyQDODWHRUtDGHODQRUPDMXUtGLFD0DGULG0DUFLDO3RQV
KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI&DWKHULQH/DHQXQFLDFLyQ'HODVXEMHWLYLGDGHQHOOHQJXDMH>7UDGGH*ODG\V$QIRUD
\(PPD*UHJRUHV@HG%XHQRV$LUHV(GLFLDO
LÉVI-STRAUSS&ODXGH©&ULWHULDRIVFLHQFH LQWKHVRFLDO DQGKXPDQGLVFLSOLQHVª 5HYXHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHV
VFLHQFHVVRFLDOHV9RO;9,Q~PSS
©8QDHQFXHVWDGLItFLOª(O&RUUHRGHOD81(6&2&ODXGH/HYL6WUDXVVPLUDGDVGLVWDQWHVQ~P
SS
LÓPEZ HERNÁNDEZ -RVp ©/DV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV FRPR DFWRV LORFXWLYRV FRQFHSWR \ FODVHVª $QXDULR GH
'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV1XHYDeSRFDYROSS
LÓPEZ MARTÍNEZ0DUtD,VDEHOHERNÁNDEZ SÁNCHEZ(XODOLD©3UR\HFFLyQGLDFUyQLFDGHO&XUVRGH/LQJtVWLFD
*HQHUDOª7RQRV'LJLWDO5HYLVWDHOHFWUyQLFDGHHVWXGLRV¿OROyJLFRV>0XUFLD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0XUFLD@Q~P
QRYLHPEUH
LOTMAN, XUL; ESCUELA DE TARTU6HPLyWLFDGHODFXOWXUD0DGULG(G&iWHGUD
LOZANO-RUJHPEÑA MARÍN&ULVWLQD ABRIL*RQ]DOR $QiOLVLV GHOGLVFXUVR+DFLD XQD VHPLyWLFDGHOD
LQWHUDFFLyQWH[WXDO0DGULG(G&iWHGUD
LUHMANN1LNODV6LVWHPDMXUtGLFR\GRJPiWLFDMXUtGLFD0DGULG&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
MARTINET$QGUp(OHPHQWRVGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO0DGULG*UHGRV
MASSINI CORREAS &DUORV,JQDFLR(OGHUHFKRQDWXUDO\VXVGLPHQVLRQHV DFWXDOHV%XHQRV$LUHV (GLWRULDO
ÈEDFR
MORESO-XDQ-RVpVILAJOSANA-RVHS0DUtD,QWURGXFFLyQDODWHRUtDGHOGHUHFKR0DGULG 0DUFLDO3RQV

NARVÁEZ MORA0DULEHO:LWWJHQVWHLQ\ODWHRUtDGHOGHUHFKR8QDVHQGDSDUDHOFRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRMXUtGLFR
0DGULG0DUFLDO3RQV
Helga María Lell
Un modelo «saussureano» de la relación entre el ordenamiento jurídico y las decisiones judiciales...
Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law, núm. 65, 2016 58
RAITER$OHMDQGUR/HQJXDMH\6HQWLGRFRP~Q /DVEDVHVSDUD ODIRUPDFLyQGHOGLVFXUVRGRPLQDQWH &DS
)HG(G%LEORV
REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA©3DUDOHOLVPRª 'LFFLRQDULR GH OD OHQJXD HVSDxROD  HG 0DGULG (VSDVD

©3DUDOHORª'LFFLRQDULRGHODOHQJXDHVSDxRODHG0DGULG(VSDVD
RORTY 5LFKDUG (O *LUR/LQJtVWLFR 'L¿FXOWDGHV 0HWD¿ORVy¿FDV GH OD )LORVRItD /LQJtVWLFD >7UDG GH
*DEULHO%HOOR@%DUFHORQD3DLGyV
/D¿ORVRItD \HOHVSHMRGHOD QDWXUDOH]D>7UDGGH -HV~V)HUQiQGH] =XODLFD@HG0DGULG&iWHGUD

SAUSSURE)HUGLQDQGGH&RXUVGHOLQJXLVWLTXHJpQpUDOH >3XEOLFDGDSRU&KDUOHV%DOO\ \$OEHUW6HFKHKD\H
FRQ OD FRODERUDFLyQ GH $OEHUW 5LHGOLQJHU HGLFLyQ FUtWLFD SRU 7XOLR GH 0DXUR@ 3DUtV eGLWLRQV 3D\RW 
5LYDJHV
&XUVRGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO>3XEOLFDGR SRU&KDUOHV%DOO\ \$OEHUW6HFKHKD\HFRQ ODFRODERUDFLyQGH
$OEHUW5LHGOLQJHU7UDGGH$PDGR$ORQVR@ %XHQRV$LUHV/RVDGD,
SAZBÓN-RVp6DXVVXUH\ORVIXQGDPHQWRVGHODOLQJtVWLFD%XHQRV$LUHV&HQWUR(GLWRUGH$PpULFD/DWLQD

SCAVINO'DUGR/D)LORVRItD$FWXDO3HQVDUVLQFHUWH]DV%DUFHORQD3DLGyV
SEARLE-RKQActos de habla0DGULG&iWHGUD
7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIVRFLDO UHDOLW\1XHYDRUN7KH)UHH3UHVV
VITALE$OHMDQGUD(O HVWXGLRGH ORVVLJQRV 3HLUFH\ 6DXVVXUHHG UHLPS%XHQRV$LUHV (XGHED

(OHVWXGLRGHORVVLJQRV3LHUFH\6DXVVXUH%XHQRV$LUHV(XGHED
VOLOSHINOV 9DOHQWtQ1LNROiLHYLFK (O PDU[LVPR \ OD ¿ORVRItD GHO OHQJXDMH  HG 0DGULG $OLDQ]D
(GLWRULDO
VOSSLER.DUO3RVLWLYLVPRH,GHDOLVPRQHOOD6FLHQ]DGHO/LQJXDJJLR>7UDGGH7RPDVVR*QROL@%DUL*LXV
/DWHU]D)LJOL
3RVLWLYLVPXV XQG ,GHDOLVPXV LQ GHU 6SUDFKZLVVHQVFKDIW (LQH VSUDFKSKLORVRSKLVFKH 8QWHUVXFKXQJ
+HLGHOEHUJ.DUO:LQWHU¶V8QLYHUVLWlWVEXFKKDQGOXQJ
WITTGENSTEIN /XGZLJ ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV ¿ORVy¿FDV >(GLFLyQ ELOLQJH 7UDG GH $OIRQVR *DUFtD 6XiUH]
\8OLVHV0RXOLQHV@  HG %DUFHORQD,QVWLWXWRGH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV ¿ORVy¿FDV 81$0%DUFHORQD(G
&UtWLFD
7UDFWDWXV lógico-SKLORVRSKLFXV>(GLFLyQELOLQJH7UDGVGH-DFRER0XxR]H,VLGRUD5HJXHUD@HG
UHLPS0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO

VLEX utiliza cookies de inicio de sesión para aportarte una mejor experiencia de navegación. Si haces click en 'Aceptar' o continúas navegando por esta web consideramos que aceptas nuestra política de cookies. ACEPTAR