Extractes-abstracts-extractos

Páginas169-184

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The comprehensibility of laws, a juridical problem seen from a linguistic point of view

Dietrich Busse

In the present article, the author discusses the limitations of linguistics in the task of making the comprehension of laws easier. In order to do this, he first presents some linguistic theses that show the close relation that exists between the comprehension/interpretation of a text and its referring back to a given base of knowledge shared by the individual interpreting it. It also describes four dilemmas that appear in any attempt to encourage the comprehensibility of a text: the dilemma of semantic specification, that of interpretative specification, that of the specification of those to whom the text is addressed and that of functional specification.

Then, the author puts forward some of the traits of the juridical language that complicate the task of improving the comprehensibility of laws. The institutionality of such specialized language determines that its concepts and meanings are not univocal and precise, but rather, that they become spaces of complex knowledge fixated within limits determined by a praxis of interpretation based on the history of preceding interpretations (dogmatic). In order to understand/interpret a juridical norm, it is thus necessary to previously acquire such specialized knowledge.

Afterwards, the author deals with two approaches to linguistic work with a text in order to improve its comprehensibility. Last, in regard to the existence of specific techniques that could be made more general, the author only proposes those based on avoiding linguistic formulations that make the comprehension more difficult (in the field of propositional semantics or syntax), given the fact that the introduction of cognitive elements in the text in order to broaden its base of knowledge (in the field of lexical semantics) always prompts new difficulties in comprehension.

La comprensibilidad de las leyes. Un problema juridico desde el punto de vista linguistico

Dietrich Busse

En el presente artfculo el autor plantea las limitaciones de la lingiifs-tica en la tarea de facilitar la com-prension de las leyes. Para esto, en primer lugar expone algunas tesis lin-giifsticas que muestran la estrecha relacion existente entre la compren-sion/interpretacion de un texto y la remision de este a una determinada base de conocimientos compartida por el sujeto que lo interpreta. Tam-bien describe cuatro dilemas que aparecen en cualquier intento de f a-vorecer la comprensibilidad de un texto: el dilema de la especificacion semantica, el de la especificacion in-

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terpretativa, el de la especificacion de los destinatarios y el de la especificacion funcional.

A continuation, el autor plantea algunas caracten'sticas del lenguaje juridico que complican la tarea de mejorar la comprensibilidad de las leyes. La instuticionalidad de dicho lenguaje especializado determina que sus conceptos y significados no sean uni'vocos y precisos, sino que pasen a ser espados de conocimientos com-plejos fijados en unos limites deter-minados mediante una praxis de interpretation basada en la historia de interpretaciones precedentes (dogma-tica). Para comprender/interpretar una norma juridica, por consiguien-te, es preciso poseer previamente este conocimiento especializado.

Posteriormente se abordan dos aproximaciones al trabajo lingiiisti-co con un texto para mejorar su comprensibilidad. Finalmente, en cuanto a la existencia de tecnicas concretas que puedan generalizarse, el autor solo propone las basadas en evitar las formulaciones Iingiifsticas que dificultan la comprension (en el campo de la semantica proposicio-nal o la sintaxis), dado que la introduction de elementos cognitivos en el texto para ampliar su base de conocimientos (en el campo de la semantica lexica) hace aparecer siem-pre nuevas dificultades de comprension.

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Juridical fiction from the point of view of linguistics: spoken and fictional deeds

María Laura Pardo

The author begins her article with a discussion of the notion of fiction as understood in the realm of law (both Continental: Argentina-Spain, and Common Law: English-speaking countries) and of linguistics. The author takes as a starting point the contrary positions of Piercian and Saussurian semiotics and attempts to contrast them with the position of Legal Discourse and textual analysis. From this comparison emerges the need to clarify certain principles that shape the notion of fiction, both in linguistics and in the realm of law. The Spoken Deeds Theory will enable us, according to the author, to put forward three principles that shape fiction in general and juridical fiction in particular. To this end, the author proceeds to analyze certain spoken deeds focusing on the theories of Bentham and Habermas.

La ficcio jurídica des de la linguistica: actes de parla i de ficcio

María Laura Pardo

L'autora comenca l'article amb una discussio de la nocio de ficcio tal com es entesa en el mon del dret (tant continental: Argentina-Espa-nya; com Common Law: pai'sos anglofons) i de la lingufstka. L'autora pren les posicions oposades de la semiotica peirciana i de la semiotica saussuriana i fa un intent de con-trastar aquestes posicions amb les del discurs legal (legal discourse) i de l'analisi de text. D'aquest acarament es veu que sorgeix la necessitat d'esclarir certs principis que fan la nocio de ficcio tant en la linguistics com en el dret. La teoria dels actes de parla ens permetra, segons que defensa l'autora, plantejar tres principis que fan la ficcio en general i la fkcio jurfdica en particular. Amb aquesta finalitat, l'autora passa a analitzar certs actes de parla posant l'accent en les teories de Bentham i d'Habermas.

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Municipal ordinances in Alghero (1526)

Rafael Caria

Since 1354, the year it was conquered, life in the Sardinian town of Alghero was like that of any Catalan community in all its institutional expressions. It was ruled by the same civil and penal laws as other cities of Catalan linguistic heritage were and, specifically, by the same as in Barcelona.

The «Municipal Ordinances transcribed in this article are texts of a juridical and administrative nature, written in 1526, that were designed to regulate the activities of the inspector of weights and measures in connection to the economic life of the city.

The text under study, excerpted from the «Book of Privileges, offers an interesting display of formal language in the Catalan enclave of Sardinia. The intention behind its publication is to make available a text from Alghero written in a time that has not been very thoroughly researched by historians of Catalan in Alghero, and offer an introductory approach to the study of its linguistic and lexicographical peculiarities.

This initial analysis by Rafael Caria of the phonetics, spelling, morphosyntax and vocabulary present in the text, underscores both the quality of the Catalan used at the time in Alghero, as well as the very secondary role the Sardinian and Castilian languages had played until then in the vocabulary of local speakers. Such vocabulary, necessarily conservative and traditional, only features a few foreign words, limited to those areas that entailed contact with neighboring languages. Worthy of notice is the limited number of loan words from Castilian and how faithful the text is to the Catalan spelling tradition, while at the same time some Valencian remnants can be traced.

Las ordenanzas municipales de Alguer (1526)

Rafael Caria

Desde que Alguer fuera conquis-tada en 1354, la vida en esta ciu-dad de Cerdena fue la de una co-munidad Catalan a en todas sus expresiones institucionales, regida por un derecho civil y penal igual al de las otras ciudades del patrimo-nio linguistico Catalan, y en particular, igual al de Barcelona.

Las «Ordenanzas municipales que se transcriben en este artfculo son un texto de caracter jundico-ad-ministrativo, escrito en 1526, des-tinado a regular la actividad del al-motacen en relacion con la vida economica de la ciudad.

El texto objeto de estudio, saca-do del «Libro de Privilegios», ofre-ce una interesante muestra de la len-gua formal en el enclave Catalan de Cerdena. Con su publication, se pre-tende divulgar un texto algueres escrito en un periodo no demasiado estudiado por los historiadores de la lengua catalana en Alguer, y ofre-cer una primera aproximacion a su estudio linguistico y lexicografico.

Este primer analisis de Rafael Caria de la grafia, la fonetica, la mor-fosintaxis y el lexico que aparecen en el texto pone de manifiesto tan-

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to la calidad del Catalan usado en-tonces en Alguer, como el escaso pa-pel que las lenguas sarda y castella-na habfan jugado hasta entonces en el vocabulario de sus habkantes. Es-te lexico, necesariamente tradicio-nal y conservador, contiene escasas palabras extranjeras, limitadas a las areas que implicaban contacto con las lenguas vecinas. Es de destacar el limitado numero de castellanismos y la fidelidad del texto a la tradition ortografica catalana, observan-dose, asimismo, algunos rastros va-lencianos.

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The need for language standard regulations in juridical language. Its scope

Francesc de P. Soler i Fontrodona

Full linguistic normalization in the Catalan judicial milieu entails finding a solution to a number of problems that affect not only the external use of the language but also its regulation. In order for Catalan to be used in the Catalan Courts of Justice, jurists must have a correct language tool.

Centering his analysis on regulations regarding the Catalan language, the author briefly reviews the historical process of introduction of standard Catalan and its normalization. The language used by legal experts, as part of the standard language, needs uniform spelling, a clear normative grammar, and an official normative dictionary.

The reason for the difficulties in updating Catalan juridical language in the past has been the lack of a standard language and the jurists' ignorance as regards Catalan juridical terminology.

Although juridical language is based on normalized language, the former cannot be vernacular. The language used by legal experts needs precision of concepts, a faithful translation and must avoid both synonymy and polysemy, as well as the use of a specific dialect, although certain dialectical terms can be used. Catalan juridical language must follow the normative standard language aside from using special terminology and following certain writing rules. There are also general regulations that affect Catalan juridical language.

A dictionary of juridical terms and equivalent terms to facilitate translation, without ambiguities, of other legislations is a fundamental tool to prevent most Catalan jurists from continuing to write in Castilian.

Necesidad de una normativa lingüistica del lenguaje jurfdico. Su ambito

Francesc de P. Soler i Fontrodona

Una plena normalización lingufs-tica en el ambito judicial Catalan im-plica resolver una serie de proble-mas que afectan tanto al uso externo de la lengua como a la regulation de esta. Para que el Catalan sea utiliza-do en los tribunales de Justicia de Cataluna, el jurista debe disponer de un instrumento linguistico correcto.

Centrandose en el aspecto de la normativizacion del Catalan, el autor hace un repaso historico del estable

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cimiento del Catalan estandar y su normalization. El lenguaje de los ju-ristas, como parte de la lengua estandar, necesita uniformidad orto-grafica, una gramatica normativa clara y un diccionario normativo oficial.

La causa de la dificil actualizacion del lenguaje juridico Catalan ha sido la falta, en el pasado, de una lengua estandar y el desconocimiento, por parte de los juristas, de la termino-logfa jurfdica catalana.

Aunque el lenguaje juridico se ba-sa en la lengua normalizada, este no puede ser una lengua vernacula. El lenguaje de los juristas necesita precision de conceptos, traducir fiel-mente y debe evitar tanto la sinoni-mia y la polisemia como el uso de un dialecto concreto, aunque se per-mita el uso de ciertas formas dia-lectales. El lenguaje juridico Catalan debe atenerse a la normativa de la lengua estandar, ademas de utilizar una terminologia especial y de res-petar ciertas normas de redactado. Existen, asimismo, regulaciones de caracter general que afectan al lenguaje juridico Catalan.

Un diccionario de terminos juri-dicos y equivalencias de terminos para poder traducir, sin ambigiiedades, otras legislaciones es el material im-prescindible para evitar que la ma-yoria de juristas catalanes siga escri-biendo en castellano.

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Analysis of an act by the Supreme court of Justice of Galicia, declaring the galician language as juridically inadmissible if written according to its historical and international spelling

Xavier Vilhar Trilho

The author puts forward the question of the diversity of spelling norms of the Galician language and their use. The 1982 decree of nor-mativization of the Galician language establishes a set of mandatory rules in the field of language teaching, but does not regard them as «official» rules. The author points out the nonexistence of official spelling rules for the Galician language, a situation which renders discriminatory the fact that the Galician Supreme Court of Justice has considered inadmissible an appeal addressed to them written in the lusophile spelling variety, which is different from the one encouraged by the Junta de Galicia, the Galician autonomous government, and which the author describes as «col-loquial-colonial» Galician, with a spelling formalization derived from phonetical and populistic criteria.

The decision of the Supreme Court would render defenseless before the law those citizens that do not agree with the so-called «of-ficial» spelling system, since it is a very controversial issue that is yet to be settled in Galicia. Official language should not be mistaken for official spelling. On the other hand, in other instances, the same Court or other official bodies have used and have allowed, with no further inconvenience, written Galician of the lusophile spelling variety, so that the decision of the Supreme Court is not very consistent with previous case law.

Lastly, the author believes that the real juridical and political status of Galician is that of a «subco-official» language, since it is clearly in an inferior position in relation to Castilian. In order to be able to speak of an actual officiality of Galician, this language would have to be complete and indivisible (official at all levels without any exclusion), as well as autonomous in relation to the other co-official language. At the present time, on the other hand, all manifestations of written Galician in the lusophile spelling variety, which is the historical, international and learned variety, are openly discriminated against -and are even prosecuted.

Analisi d'un acte del Tribunal Superior de justicia de Galicia, que declara judicialment inadmissible el gallec escrit amb la seva própia ortografia historica i internacional

Xavier Vilhar Trilho

L'autor planteja la qiiestio de la diversitat de normes ortografiques del gallec i la seva utilitzacio. El Decret de normativitzacio de la llen-gua gallega, de 1982, estableix unes normes d'lis obligatori en l'ambit de l'ensenyament del gallec, pero no les considera normes «oficials». L'autor posa de manifest aquesta inexisten-cia d'una ortografia oficial del gallec. Per tant, resulta discriminatori que el Tribunal Superior de Justf-cia de Galicia hagi considerat inadmissible un recurs que se li havia adrecat escrit amb ortografia lusista, diferent de la que promou la Junta de Galfcia, que l'autor qualifica de gallec «colloquial-colonial», forma-litzat ortograficament amb criteris fonetistes i populistes.

Aquesta decisio del Tribunal deixaria indefensos davant la llei els ciutadans que discrepen de la pre-tesa ortografia «oficial», ja que es tracta d'una qiiestio controvertida que encara no ha estat resolta a Gall-

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cia. No s'ha de confondre llengua oficial amb ortografia oficial. D'altra banda, en altres ocasions, el mateix Tribunal o altres organs oficials han fet servir o han admes sense cap pro-blema el gallec escrit amb les nor-mes ortografiques lusistes, per la qual cosa la decisio del Tribunal Superior de Galicia no es gaire coherent amb la jurisprudencia anterior.

L'autor, finalment, considers que l'estatus jurfdic i politic real del gallec es de llengua «subcooficial», ja que es troba en una situacio d'infe-rioritat respecte al castella. Per tal que es pogues parlar d'oficialitat del gallec, caldria que aquesta llengua fos plena o indivisible (oficial en tots els ambits sense exclusio) i autonoma respecte a l'altra llengua cooficial. En la situacio actual, d'altra banda, es discriminen obertament i fins i tot es persegueixen les manifesta-cions en gallec escrit amb ortografia lusista.

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Parliamentary work on the catalan language and follow-up on the process of linguistic normalization during the first three legislating terms of the Catalan Parliament (1980-1992)

Jordi Argelaguet i Argemi

The study of parliamentary work on linguistic normalization helpfully adds to the general knowledge of this process.

In this sense, the author has used the ratio of parliamentary initiatives undertaken on these issues against the total number of parliamentary initiatives as an indicator of the importance of the language question in Catalan politics, and has drawn a comparison of parliamentary work during the first three legislating terms, centered on the legislative function, the support and encouragement function, and the controlling function.

The figures -in absolute terms and percentages- derived from the various initiatives for each one of these three functions -laws, nonlegislative bills, motions, interpellations, enquiries with written replies, etc.-, show the differences and changes occurred during these three terms, and help us notice the political logic behind them -be it in regard to the parties involved, or due to the fact that each term tends to coincide with a different stage in the process of linguistic normalization.

El trabajo parlamentario sobre la lengua catalana y el seguimiento del proceso de normalizaclon linguistica durante las tres primeras legislaturas del Parlamento de Catalunya (1980-1992)

Jordi Argelaguet i Argemi

El estudio del trabajo parlamentario en relacion con la normalization lingufstica ayuda a completar el conocimiento que en general se tiene del conjunto de este proceso.

En este sentido, el autor ha tornado como indicador de la impor-tancia de la cuestion lingui'stica en el seno de la politica catalana la pro-porcion de iniciativas parlamentarias sobre estos temas con relacion al total de las mis mas, realizando una comparacion del trabajo parlamentario a lo largo de las tres primeras legislaturas, centrado en las funcio-nes legislativa, de impulso y de control.

Las cifras (en numeros absolutos y en porcentajes) de las diferentes iniciativas para cada una de estas tres funciones (leyes, proposiciones no de ley, mociones, interpelaciones, preguntas con respuesta por escri-to, etc.) permiten apreciar las dife-rencias y cambios entre las tres legislaturas y darse cuenta de la logica politica que subyace (sea por parte

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de los partidos, sea porque cada le-gislatura tiende a coincidir con un estudio distinto del proceso de nor-malizacion lingiifstica).

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Linguistic normalization within the Administration of Justice: present situation and alternatives

Alberte Gonzalez Montanes

This article aims at briefly considering the situation of the Gali-cian language in the field of the administration of justice, and studies ways of influencing the situation. At the present moment, linguistic planning is being designed in Galicia which, despite a few obstacles, is already being felt in schools, the media, and the autonomous government. In spite of that, the administration of justice cannot be left out of general planning since it is one of the fundamental realms to reach the goal of turning the Gali-cian language into a linguistic vehicle for its speakers.

In this paper, several strategies that can be used are analyzed, adapting those that seem the most convenient of all out of those that have been tried out for other minority languages in Spain, and especially in relation to the Catalan language. However, in order to undertake this task, public authorities -both central and autonomous- should commit themselves unequivocally to the process of normalization of those territorial languages that are also official in Spain, and provide the political means to implement such measures.

La normalitzacio linguistica en l'Administració de justicia: situació i alternatives

Alberte Gonzalez Montanes

Aquest article preten reflexionar breument sobre la situacio del ga-llec en la Justicia i estudia la manera d'incidir en aquesta situacio. Actual-ment, a Galicia s'esta dissenyant una planificaci6 linguistica que, malgrat els entrebancs, comenca a tenir efec-tes en l'ensenyament, en els mitjans de comunicacio 1 tambe en 1'Admi-nistracio autonomica. No obstant aix6, l'Administracio de Justicia no pot quedar exclosa d'una planifi-cacio global, ja que es un dels ambits fonamentals per aconseguir l'objectiu de convertir el gallec en la Uengua vehicular d'aquest a societat.

En el treball s'analitzen dlverses estrategies que es poden emprar, adaptant les que semblen Ies mes adequades entre les estrategies apli-cades per altres Eengues minorita-ries de l'Estat, i particularment de les aplicades pel catala. Amb tot, per

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dur a terme aquesta tasca conve que els poders publics, tant els centrals com els autonomies, es comprometin sense ambigiiitats en el proces de normalitzacio de les llengiies territorials que tambe son oficials a l'Estat, i que posin els mitjans politics per poder aplicar aquestes mesures.

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Alghero and catalan-speaking nations. Proposals for joint planning

Enrico Chessa

Given the obvious regression in use and knowledge of the vernacular Alghero language, it becomes necessary to reconsider the working model used to this moment to preserve the variety of the Catalan language spoken in Alghero (Sardinia). A clear reading of the past, as well as an analysis of the present and of the context, allows the author to put forward new patterns for future work.

The inhabitants of Alghero have abandoned their vernacular language, associated with the rural and the poor, in favor of Italian, which enjoys greater prestige since Italy and its standard language have become a new framework of reference with positive connotations.

Given the complexity of the situation, language planning must be sustained on solid foundations: recovering the vernacular as part of the historical and cultural heritage should also imply a certain degree of economic, social and cultural emancipation of the Alghero community. Such progress must be the result of the collaboration and interrelation of the city of Alghero with other Catalan-speaking nations.

In order to avoid negative results and prevent ill feelings among the population, such planning should be programmed in a conscientious and unrushed manner. Changing the linguistic behavior of Alghero people will entail an intervention in their environment and the creation of a need to use the receding language, so that they understand why it is convenient to learn it. The increase in economic and commercial relations with Catalan-speaking nations will introduce a new and positive point of reference. In turn, it will become necessary to work within the Alghero community on strictly linguistic issues, such as the codification of the Alghero language (a substandard language different from standard Catalan), its learning and the extension of its use within the community.

Alguer y los paises de lengua catalana. Propuestas para una planificación conjunta

Enrico Chessa

Ante el evidente retroceso en el uso y conocimiento de la lengua al-gueresa, es necesario replantearse el modelo de trabajo adopt ado hast a ahora para recuperar esta variedad del Catalan hablada en Alguer (Cer-defia). Una clara lectura del pasado junto con un analisis del presente y del contexto permiten al autor pro-poner nuevas pautas para el trabajo future

Los habitantes de Alguer han abandonado la lengua propia, aso-ciada al mundo rural y pobre, en favor del italiano, mas prestigioso al haberse convertido Italia y su lengua estandar en un nuevo marco de referencia con connotaciones posi-tivas.

Ante esta compleja situacion, la

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planificacion linguistica debe apoyar-se sobre una base solida: recuperar el algueres por ser patrimonio histo-rico y cultural debe implicar tambien una cierta emancipation economica, social y cultural de la comunidad al-gueresa. Este progreso tiene que ser el resultado de la colaboracion e interrelation de la ciudad de Alguer con el conjunto de paises de lengua catalana.

Para evitar result ados contrarios y no crear malestar en la poblacion, esta planificacion debe programar-se atenta y lentamente. Cambiar el comportamiento lingui'stico de los al-guereses supondra intervenir en el entorno y crear la necesidad en los habitantes de usar el idioma en re-cesion, por Io que deberan ver la conveniencia de aprenderlo. La am-pliacion de las relaciones economi-cas y comerciales con los paises de lengua catalana creara un nuevo pun-to de referencia positivo. A su vez, sera necesario trabajar dentro de la comunidad algueresa sobre cuestio-nes estrictamente Iingiiisticas, como la codification del algueres (un su-bestandar diferente del Catalan es-tandar), su aprendizaje y la extension de su uso dentro de la comunidad.

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Can monolingualism be justified in terms of linguistic normalization?

Jacques Maurais

In order to analyze the role of monolingualism in linguistic normalization, Maurais, from the point of view of theory, draws mainly from the thinking of Catalan socio-linguist, Llui's Aracil, on the situation of minority groups, and from the point of view of practical cases, from Quebec, a region where all public signs have been written in French since 1977.

The Chart of the French language makes French monolingualism mandatory where public signs are concerned. As an exception, signs in French can be accompanied in some cases by a translated version in another language, as when related to cultural activities of a specific ethnic group.

If someone who does not speak French needs information that is only available in French, they will have to learn the language. If the information is also available in English, then the person needing it will not have to learn French. However, in 1993, the government of Quebec modified linguistic regulation regarding commercial signs, allowing, with some exceptions, a bilingual practice.

Aracil, basing his argument on T.S. Eliot's view, whereby a satellite culture is one which, for a number of different reasons, maintains a permanent relationship with a stronger culture, reflects upon the fact that, for instance, a Welsh person must always resort to English in order to access scientific, literary, or any other kind of international production. Such interposition, to use Aracil's terminology, is a common situation in the case of minority languages. In a bilingual context, such interposition will render it only theoretical the choice of language by an immigrant, since social pressure will favor the use of the interposed language, English in the case of Quebec. With a monolingual political strategy, however, as in the case of public signs, an effect is produced which the author suggests should be called a counterposition, whereby French becomes the in-terlanguage thanks to «positive discrimination, which is both ethically and juridically acceptable as a compensatory measure.

Puede justificarse el monolinguismo desde el punto de vista de la normalización lingüistica?

Jacques Maurais

Para analizar el papel del mono-lingiiismo en la normalizacion linguistic a, Maurais se inspira, desde el punto de vista teorico, principal-mente en reflexiones del sociolin-giiista Catalan Llufs Aracil sobre la situacion de los grupos minoritarios y, desde el punto de vista practico, en la experiencia de Quebec de ro-tulacion monolingue en frances desde 1977.

La Carta de la lengua frances a im-pone el monolinguismo frances en este ambito. Como excepcion, la rotula-cion en frances puede ir acompana-da de una version en otra lengua en algunos casos, como por ejemplo, cuando se trata de actividades cultu-rales de un gmpo etnico particular.

Si un individuo de habla no fran-cesa necesita informaci6n que solo se proporciona en frances, debera aprender esta lengua. En el caso que esta information se ofrezca tambien en ingles, el individuo no tendra ne-cesidad alguna de aprender frances. No obstante, en 1993, el Gobierno del Quebec modific6 las normas lin-giiisticas de la rotulacion comercial, permitiendo, con algunas excepcio-nes, el bilinguismo.

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Aracil, a partir de las palabras de Eliot, segun las cuales una cultura satelite es la que, por diversas razo-nes, mantiene una relacion perma-nente con otra cultura mas fuerte, reflexiona sobre el hecho que, por ejemplo, un gales tenga que recurrir siempre a la lengua inglesa para te-ner acceso a la produccion cientf-fka, literaria, etc., mundial. Esta interposition, segiin el termino uti-lizado por Aracil, es una situation habitual en el caso de Ienguas mi-noritarias. En un contexto de bilin-giiismo la interposition hara que la election de la lengua por parte de un inmigrante sea solo teorica, ya que las presiones sociales favorece-ran el uso de la lengua interpuesta, el ingles en el caso del Quebec. Sin embargo, con una poli'tica unilingiie, como en el caso de la rotulacio'n, se produce un efecto que el autor propone denominar de contra-posicidn, en el que el frances se convierte en interlingua, gracias a una «discrimi-narion positiva», e'tica y jurfdicamen-te aceptables como medida compen-satoria.

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Population and linguistic behavior in two stateless european nations: Friuli and Catalonia

Sabrina Colautti

In this article, the author discusses the sociolinguistic situation in the Italian context, and particularly in the autonomous region of Friuli. She explains the confusion between standard Italian and what are mistakenly called «dialects», and comments on the historical background and the evolution the Friulian language has undergone. She then engages in a discussion on Friulian identity as a stateless nation with a complex linguistic situation, where an imbalance between Italian and Friulian prevails, but where other linguistic minorities also intervene.

Theoretically, the Italian government is committed to defending and protecting its linguistic heritage, but in practice it treats minority languages, that are official in other countries (such as French and German), better than it does the vernacular languages of stateless nations within its own territory. The latter have to survive with almost no practical assistance from the government. The study of the results of a survey conducted among Friulians shows a high degree of compromise on the part of the native population in connection to the conservation of the Friulian language.

In view of this situation, the author regards it as an interesting move, despite the many differences, to learn from the example of the linguistic normalization process in Catalonia, and concludes with a call for the protection of Friulian and the active participation on the part of the population in order to ensure its continuation, to relent the impact of Italian, and prevent a possible substitution of Friulian by Italian, especially in daily contacts and education.

Població i comportament linguistic en dues nacions europees sense estat: el Friul i Catalunya

Sabrina Colautti

En aquest article l'autora fa un repas de la situacio sociolingufstica dins el context italia, i en concret a la regi6 autonoma del Friul. Ex-plica la confusio entre 1'italia estan-dard i els mal anomenats «dialectes», i comenta els antecedents histories i l'evolucio que ha sofert la llengua friiilesa. Tot seguit, fa una reflexio sobre la identitat del Friul en tant que naci6 sense Estat i amb una situacio lingiifstica complexa on pre-domina la diglossia entre el friiiles i 1'italia, pero on tambe intervenen altres minories linguistiques.

En principi, l'Estat italia es com-promet a defensar i salvaguardar el patrimoni linguistic d'Italia; no obs-tant aixo, a la practica discrimina entre les llengiies minoritaries, pero predominants en altres Estats (els casos mes clars son el frances i l'ale-many) i les llengiks autoc tones de les nacions sense Estat que hi ha dins el territori d'ltalia. Les prime-res reben un tracte de favor, men-tre que les altres han de sobreviure sense cap mena d'ajuda practica per part de I'Administracio. El comen-tari dels resultats d'una enquesta entre els habitants del Friul mostra

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l'alt grau de compromis de la pobla-cio pel que fa a la proteccio del friiiles.

Davant aquesta situacio, Tautora considera interessant, tot i les grans diferencies, aprendre de l'exemple del proces de normalitzacio linguis-tica a Catalunya, i acaba fent una crida a favor de la proteccio del friiiles i de la participacio activa de la poblacio per assegurar la vigencia del friiiles, frenar 1'impacte de l'italia i evitar que aquest acabi substituint el friiiles, sobretot en la par la dia-ria i en l'ensenyament.

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