Dalla 'Carta della Foresta' al 'deficit ecologico' del costituzionalismo

AutorMichele Carducci
CargoProfessore ordinario di Diritto costituzionale comparato nell'Università del Salento-Lecce, Italia
Páginas31-44
DALLA “CARTA DELLA FORESTA” AL “DEFICIT ECOLOGICO” DEL COSTITUZIONALISMO
Michele Carducci*
Riassunto
Esistono apposite garanzie costituzionali di tutela degli equilibri dell’ecosistema terra? Quali sono? Come operano?
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        
richiede interventi drastici non solo di contenimento delle emissioni inquinanti, ma soprattutto di recupero delle
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
    
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discutere del futuro della democrazia di fronte alla distruzione del pianeta terra, provocata dall’azione umana e dalle
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
FROM THE “CHARTER OF THE FOREST” TO THE “ECOLOGICAL DEFICIT” OF CONSTITUTIONALISM
Abstract
Are there any special constitutional guarantees to protect the balance of the Earth’s ecosystem? What are they? How
  
      


both-and

  
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  



      

         

Citazione consigliata:            
catalana de dret públic
Michele Carducci

 32
Sommario




Michele Carducci

 33
1 Ecosistema senza “garante”?

    

            
   
              della Costituzione
italiana1   
suggestiva e pervasiva dai testi del cosiddetto “3 
principio di “non regressione ambientale
e di “ 5   
 
normative, in una utile ricognizione comparata         

     
 all’interno di una declinazione dei poteri e delle funzioni costituzionali, persistente nella sua
impronta esclusivamente antropocentrica9          
dentro o contro           in sé11
             
      antropocene

 Estado
constitucional ecológico e democracia sustentada

      

 , in 


  El principio de no regressión ambiental en el derecho comparado latinoamericano

 , Encuentro mundial
      
paper
 , in 
    
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              

  

diritto
 PARKLimits to Anthropocentrism:
toward an Ecocentric Organization Paradigm?  
 
Law
  
Regole del parco umano
   
   
        
fundamental ao ambiente               


Michele Carducci

 34
passo all’ “Eremocene


              
distruttiva dell’ “antropocene13, al ripensamento della Rule of Law in funzione non tanto della salvaguardia

cambiamenti climatici
costituzionali disegnate intorno alla considerazione dei soli interessi umani15
              
            
domanda di apertura
Anche tentativi recenti, come quelli andini di aprire i tribunali costituzionali al pluralismo delle tradizioni
giuridiche, nel loro rapporto con la natura, o di istituzionalizzare una “ 19,
quale meccanismo di rappresentazione dell’ecosistema in prospettiva olistica, non sembrano emanciparsi,

,
capace di incidere sui persistenti processi di accumulazione privata delle risorse naturali e della vita che
hanno profondamente distorto accesso alle risorse e produzione dei beni vitali

  e di questa rilevanza sembra aver acquisito consapevolezza il
  , al quale partecipa chi scrive,
    
utopia costituzionale
       La
 

 
  , 1,

    ,

 
     
              
      

si veda emblematicamente    , published
  

 
multiplicidad
 ,
in 
 
 
   

                
,

 
Michele Carducci

 35
dell’ecosistema
            
umana

Soft Law
o degli Standard, cara ai fautori del 
 nazionali,
      
              anche 


           
comprovata, oltre che da studi autorevolissimi  
              
cosiddetti “di Limburgdi Maastricht
costituzionalizzazione del “ 
  


     31 
promuovere una    


  
             
ecologico      
regole di controllo sulle  in termini di adeguamento necessario della loro  ad una
interesse superiore

    
 
 
          
  
              
constitucional
  
    

  sta per    
    
  
 

  andino dalla

    

Michele Carducci

 36
sulla “


  

che nessun trattato, compresi i trattati commerciali, deve prevalere sulla “
in quanto “interesse superiore
interesse superiore
  
terra


  Authority di regolazione internazionale dei diritti della natura nella disciplina del diritto
internazionale Authority    
           
ispirano la stessa azione di UN Harmony with Nature
             
dell’ecosistema terra
   
       
             
internazionale dell’ecosistema terra 

            
collabora, con studi e pareri delle Authority
internazionale         Ranking
internazionale delle imprese sugli indicatori di rispetto e attuazione della “
terra
       dovrebbe essere quello di elaborare un  su
       

              
    humus comune ai regimi
    

dell’ecosistema terra33



      
procedurali, di democrazia35
 
   , in  
Socialismo
 

 , Bologna, il Mulino,

Michele Carducci

 37

            
  Ausnahmezustand o Notzustand, ma resta il fatto che
      
considerata

            
 

39 
compreso anche, ma non solo, l’essere umano

, nell’alveo del tema
     
umane future, si rivela un errore epistemico, prima ancora che

             
ammessa e praticata per qualsiasi altra forma di debito     
del debito in termini di scambio di interessi umani, eventualmente legittimati dal consenso
            


ancora che doverosa e necessaria

di ritorno ecosistemico non sono solo umani
Nature, fu pubblicato il pionieristico studio 

     

 

 
 capitalismo,

 
       
    

 La catena del tempo
      

 Le passioni e gli interessi
    , in Enciclopedia delle scienze
sociali
 
       
    

 
Michele Carducci

 38
  
Ecological Economics

  
valutazioni quantitative agli innumerevoli e intrecciati servizi, che gli ecosistemi offrono all’esistenza non


              

   


                 
l’ecosistema non è altro che il rapporto tra singolo soggetto vivente e the Rest
                 
51

        
      

  

qualitativa del benessere, a tutti i livelli di scala, obiettivo dichiarato di governi e istituzioni di tutto il mondo,
richiede necessariamente un proporzionale incremento della domanda di sfruttamento di quel rapporto, a cui,

  

    
     
    

     
formalizzata nel  53 proprio per rendere evidente l’inclusione dell’essere umano

di rigenerarle
        55, l’ “impronta
     
   

 El ordenamiento ecológico del territorio,

 
          

53 
  

 
Michele Carducci

 39
   
    

Nomos umano descritto

Nomos
       
le Costituzioni e altri atti imperativi, a seguito del “    
equilibrio di bilancio          
     
dei divieti e di superamento dei limiti, in   
futuro rappresentato come “



umano per la crescita, su possibili 

              

         

Ma allora che fare di fronte a questo “59 delle Costituzioni?
Anche questa è una domanda insolita per il diritto costituzionale
           
    prima legge della termodinamica culturale      



   
  
                  

 
               
costituzionale
 

59 Ammesso che si tratti solo di un problema di “
collasso  , in 

        
      
          
proposte di “Human Welfare 

 
Michele Carducci

 40
è vero, come scriveva uno dei padri del diritto costituzionale moderno, Hobbes, che il “comune benessere
nascerebbe solo dal “libero esercizio
Effettivamente, oggi, le decisioni costituzionali replicano, di fatto, il paradigma economico dell’, a
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


              

, non certo la sua descrizione come


  
            
sono “
ispira esclusivamente a un’ “antropotecnica  


 
della specie umana da tutte le minacce esterne
come “era del bilanciamento         
ad hoc


diritti e interessi

rinuncia a incidere, in nome della contingenza, sul “
Überwindung
             
    ,
quando osservava che le tecniche giuridiche funzionali alla logica della contingenza e dello scambio,
  al ,

  
nell’aumento vertiginoso del “
 
 

 
 
                 

        
       

 
moderno 
 
Michele Carducci

 41
tutti  

Con l’            
            
porrebbero, di conseguenza, su due assi verticali e paralleli, destinati a non incontrarsi

            

              
   
status        

Bisogni elementari come il cibo, l’abitazione, la legna per riscaldarsi, la caccia e il pascolo per nutrirsi,
                
       

       
        comune non è , ma uso 
commoner      
       




        
      
 
  accesso comune
      
di due pratiche “
 ma nella
   locus neminis locus communis, luogo appunto del comune, libero
        
            locus
communis
 


         
multinaturalismo  
 multicultarilismo      
    

La razón neoliberal
 

          
               
Ostrom
 , in 
Michele Carducci

 42
-
sivamente ridimensionandosi, contribuendo a sbilanciare il codice genetico del costituzionalismo moderno

locus communis

Enclosures e con la progressiva disciplina repressiva dei “furti di

l’evento viene denunciato come dimostrazione della insensatezza e della profonda ingiustizia di qualsiasi
Quando una legge denomina furto un’azione che non

      
      


le Enclosures           

  No scutage not aid shall be imposed on our
      
      
Enclosures, a partire dal primo periodo Tudor sino al compimento della rivoluzione industriale, a tradurre
       
  Enclosures   
garanzia “No taxation without Representation


       
 Enclosures  



Enclosures

competizione per l’appropriazione dei beni, implicita nella Magna Carta 
     
dilemma del cacciatore      
 
       
 
 
, 
 

 

 

  

Michele Carducci

 43
immediati, di tutti nel “locus communis  

  
molto tempo dopo dal suo nascere, soprattutto al cospetto del passaggio dal paradigma organicistico a quello

      
    foresta sotterranea  
  

          
trait d’union
   
              
   

   

scambio    
o di preservazione proprietaria         

oggi e di domani
            
           

 
                
               
              
 

   
  
 
classica, presupposte dal costituzionalismo e interamente basate sui principi paradigmatici di un sistema


              
  
 
 
 
 
     
 Shoshone  Naturaleza cercada, Moreton in Marsch,

 
 
,
Michele Carducci

 44
             
   foresta
sotterranea


           


 

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