Revista de Llengua i Dret › Núm. 41, Setembre 2004
Vinculat com:Resum
La Constitució i la legislació eslovenes estableixen una àmplia protecció per a les anomenades comunitats autòctones o minories ètniques «històriques» d’Eslovènia (italians i hongaresos). També es garanteixen alguns drets a la comunitat gitana, però no a les anomenades minories «noves», formades sobretot per membres d’altres nacions de l’antiga Iugoslàvia (croats, serbis, bosnis), ni a la comunitat de parla alemanya. La protecció de les minories hongaresa i italiana es veu reforçada per tractats internacionals amb Hongria i Itàlia. El model eslovè de protecció d’aquestes minories parteix del concepte de territori ètnicament mixt i el sistema de drets col·lectius que l’Estat atorga independentment del percentatge o de la força numèrica de les minories (de fet, d’acord amb el cens del 1991, 9.240 persones van declarar que la seva llengua materna era l’hongarès i 4.009 l’italià). La legislació presta una atenció especial al dret a l’ensenyament en hongarès i italià, garanteix l’ús dels símbols nacionals de les minories i preveu la participació política de les comunitats hongaresa i italiana tant a escala naciona com local mitjançant un sistema de doble vot que garanteix la representació de la comunitat ètnica. Pel que fa específicament a les llengües, Eslovènia segueix de prop el que estableix la Carta Europea de les Llengües Regionals o Minoritàries, tractat que va ratificar el 2000. Les escoles dels territoris mixtos amb presència d’hongaresos segueixen un sistema bilingüe, mentre que en la comunitat italiana s’ha desenvolupat un sistema escolar monolingüe que inclou l’estudi de l’eslovè. La feble demografia impedeix l’ensenyament terciari en les llengües minoritàries, però hi ha convenis que faciliten els estudis superiors en universitats italianes o hongareses. Els membres de les minories lingüístiques també tenen garantit l’ús de les seves llengües en l’Administració, en els procediments judicials, en els documents d’identificació personal, en els mitjans de comunicació escrits i audiovisuals, i en activitats culturals i econòmiques. La legislació que regula l’ús de l’italià i l’hongarès a Eslovènia sembla suficient, tot i que la protecció de les minories ètniques no hagi millorat substancialment a partir de la independènci del país. D’altra banda, hi ha una part de la legislació de protecció lingüística que no s’acompleix del tot i els membres de les minories —particularment els italians— troben que no se’ls presta prou atenció.
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. The number (according to the 1991 census) of historical ethnic minority members is 11,567 (Italians and Hungarians) or 13,860, taking into account the number of members of the Romany community. 
. This category is composed of 222,321 persons (11.45% of Slovenia’s population). Among them are 54,212 (2.76%) Croats, 47,911 Serbs (2.44%) and 26,842 Bosnjaki (Bosniaks) (1.36%). . The Most Svobode International Society, which we could, not without hesitation, define as a society of the «German minority», was officially registered in Maribor on 25th June 1991. The Kocevje aborigines have two societies: the Peter Kozler Kocevje society with its seat in Ljubljana, registered officially on 19th September 1994 and the Kocevar Aborigines Society, with its seat in Obcice, officially registered at the administrative unit in Novo Mesto on 11th August 1992. . While preparing the new Slovene constitution, the Institute for Ethnic Studies held an extensive debate on the problems of safeguarding national minorities in Slovenia. In this debate the members of the Institute also brought to light the problem of safeguarding the members of the nations of the former common state and of the German community. In the publication created for that opportunity we wrote that it is urgent to consider the status of other ethnic communities living autochtonously in the Slovene territory in addition to the Italian, Hungarian and the Romany communities: «The Serbs (in the borderline territory in Bela Krajina), the Croats (in some borderline territories), and the question of the existence of the German ethnic community is also becoming apparent (it has long been believed in Slovenia that it no longer exists).» In: Narodnost — manjsina ali skupnost. Urejanje, uresnicevanje in varstvo pravic narodnosti (narodnih manjsin) v Republiki Sloveniji. (Uredil Miran Komac), str. 133 Razprave in graspano, INV, Ljubljana, st.24/November 1990 . The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, article 11: «The official language of Slovenia is Slovene. In those municipalities where Italian or Hungarian ethnic communities reside, Italian or Hungarian shall also be official language.» Article 64: (Special Rights of the Autochthonous Italian and Hungarian Ethnic Communities in Slovenia) The autochthonous Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities and their members shall be guaranteed the right to use their national symbols freely and, in order to preserve their national identity, the right to establish organisations and develop economic, cultural, scientific and research activities, as well as activities in the field of public media and publishing. In accordance with laws, these two national communities and their members have the right to education and schooling in their own languages, as well as the right to establish and develop such education and schooling. The geographic areas in which bilingual schools are compulsory shall be established by law. These national communities and their members shall be guaranteed the right to foster relations with their nations of origin and their respective countries. The state shall provide material and moral support for the exercise of these rights. In order to exercise their rights, the members of these communities shall establish their own self-governing communities in the geographic areas where they live. On the proposal of these self-governing national communities, the state may authorise them to perform certain functions under national jurisdiction, and shall provide funds for the performance of such functions. The two national communities shall be directly represented in representative bodies of local self-government and in the National Assembly. The position of the Italian and Hungarian national communities and the manner in which their rights are exercised in the geographic areas where they live, the obligations of the self-governing local communities for the exercise of their rights, and those rights which the members of these national communities exercise also outside these areas, shall be regulated by law. The rights of both national communities and their members shall be guaranteed irrespective of the number of members of these communities. Laws, regulations and other general acts that concern the exercise of the constitutionally provided rights and the position of the national communities exclusively may not be adopted without the consent of the representatives of these national communities. . For the protection of the Romany community article 65 of the Constitution is important (The Status and Special Rights of the Romany Community in Slovenia): «The status and special rights of the Romany community living in Slovenia shall be regulated by law». . The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, article 61 (Expression of National Affiliation): «Everyone has the right to freely express affiliation with his nation or national community be entitled to freely identify with his national grouping or ethnic community, to foster and give expression to his culture and to use his language and script.» . The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, article 62 (The Right to Use One’s Language and Script): «Everyone has the right to use his language and script in a manner provided by law in the exercise of his rights and duties and in procedures before state and other bodies performing a public function.» . The Act on Notification of Succession of Agreements between Former Yugoslavia and Italy, which includes the Osimo Treaty was published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia n. 40, dated 14th August 1992, pp. 127-128. . The Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Hungary. Uradni list RS, MP, p. 6 (7.5.1993). . Convention on the Providing of the Special Rights of the Slovenian Ethnic Minority in the Republic of Hungary and the Hungarian Ethnic Community in the Republic of Slovenia. Uradni list RS, MP, no. 6/93. . It would be incorrect to say that the German-speaking community has been officially recognised only with the Slovene-Austrian Agreement on Cooperation in the field of Culture. Following the interpretation of F. Capotorti, special raporteur of the Subcommision of the protection of minorities, the minority can be recognised in several ways: with the admission of legal entity status, with the adoption of special measures protecting its identity or with partial ensurance of certain rights. Considering that the state financially supported the cultural activities of the German cultural societies (albeit with modest amounts), at least one criteria for the recognition of the German national community has been legally met. (About the study of F. Capotorti see, for example: Danilo Turk, Studija OZN o pravicah pripadnikov manjsin. Razprave in graspano, INV, Ljubljana, 1979, n.9-10, p.13-30). . Law on the Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia, and on the Slovenian National Flag. Uradni list RS. No. 67/94, articles 6, 13, 14 and 21. Odlok o izobesanju zastav v Obcini Piran. Primorske novice, Uradne objave, Koper, n. 41/2000. . Under the previous political system this dilemma did not arise, since a five-pointed red star was added to the Italian and Hungarian (national/state) flag. . Constitutional Court. 691. The decision on establishing the constitutionality of paragraph 2 of Article 13, paragraph 3 of Article 14 and paragraph 2 of Article 21 of the Law on the Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovenian National Flag. (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 14/1999), p. 1322. . Special Statute of the Memorandum of Understanding (1954), Article 6: «The economic development of the Yugoslav ethnic population in the territory under Italian control and that of the Italian population in the territory under Yugoslav control shall be guaranteed without discrimination and with the fair distribution of the available financial resources.» . Framework Convention for the Protection of Ethnic Minorities, Article 15: «The contracting parties guarantee the necessary conditions for the effective participation of members of ethnic minorities in cultural, social and economic life and in public affairs, especially in those which are their immediate concern.» . Convention on the Providing of the Special Rights of the Slovenian Ethnic Minority in the Republic of Hungary and the Hungarian Ethnic Community in the Republic of Slovenia, article 7: «The signatories bind themselves to consider in their regional and economic development plans, the special interests of minorities, and to guarantee such economic and social development of areas with autochthonous minority settlement as will promote the social and economic equality of the minorities. The signatories shall, for the benefit of the minorities, support all forms of cross-border cooperation, particularly economic cooperation. The signatories shall support such economic development as will prevent emigration of the population and a forced change in ethnic structure of the autochthonous territory of the minority». . Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 45/95, article 7. . Ordinance on the criteria, conditions and procedures for the allocation of funds for the creation of an economic foundation for the autochthonous ethnic communities. (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia Nos. 33/97 and 16/99). . Strategija regionalnega razvoja Slovenije (The Strategy of Regional Development of Slovenia), Porocevalec, n. 60 (Ljubljana, July 9th 2001). . Strategija regionalnega razvoja Slovenije (The Strategy of Regional Development of Slovenia), Porocevalec n. 60 (Ljubljana, July 9th 2001), p. 44. . Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, article 64, par. 5. . See article 64 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia. . Law on the Records of Voting Rights (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 46/92) Article 19. . Law on the Records of Voting Rights (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 46/92): Article 20: «The commission mentioned in the preceding article shall consist of a president and two members. The commission for the formation of the electoral register must be established and its president and members appointed at the latest five days after the elections have been called». Article 21: «The electoral register of citizens who are members of the Italian or Hungarian ethnic communities shall be confirmed by the president and members of the commission for the formation of the electoral register, with the hand and seal of the appropriate self-governing ethnic community. The commission submits the electoral register to the competent body for approval within 15 days from the day the elections were called». . Constitutional Court. Decision 844 on establishing the constitutionality of the Law on Elections to the National Assembly, the Law on Local Elections, article 22 of the Law on the Records of Voting Rights, paragraph 4 of article 53, article 134 and paragraph 2 of article 140 of the Statute of Koper Municipal Council, on establishing an unconstitutional legal loophole in the Law on the Records of Voting Rights, and on the partial rejection of the initiative. Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 20/1998, p. 1308. . Constitutional Court. 844. Decision on establishing the ..., p. 1313. . Constitutional Court. 844. Decision on establishing the ..., p. 1313. . The Law on the Amendment of the Law on the Voting Registry (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 72/2000 1st article). Article 1: The council of the Pomurje Hungarian national self-governing national community adopted on 8.2000 special rules of procedure on the criteria for meeting the conditions for affiliation with the Hungarian national community. In the 2nd paragraph of these rules, the following standards for affiliation were set: the integration of the inspanidual in the activities of the Hungarian national community and; integration and inclusion in other aspects of the social and cultural life of the Hungarian community and appertaining to the Hungarian language and culture. . Constitutional Court. Decision 844. Decision on the establishment of the constitutionality... (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 20/1998) p. 1312. . Constitutional Court. Loco citato, p. 1313. . Constitutional Court. Loco citato, p. 1313. . Constitutional Court. Loco citato, p. 1313. . Law on Local Self-government (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 72/93). . Statute of the Isola municipality (Official Bulletin of municipality Isola, 15/1999) paragraph 1 of article 30: «The municipal council shall consist of 23 members, of which the Italian ethnic minority shall have two.» . Statute of the Piran municipality (Official Bulletin, 10/1999) paragraph 2 of article 15: «The municipal council shall consist of 25 members. On the basis of their special voting rights, Italian ethnic minority members shall elect three of those members of the municipal council.» . Statute of the Koper municipality (Official Bulletin 9/95), article 28: «The municipal council shall consist of 32 members. Italian ethnic minority members shall elect three of those members of the municipal council.» . Statute of the Moravske Toplice municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 11/1999), paragraph 2 of Article 14: «The municipal council shall consist of 17 members; three of these shall be members of the Hungarian ethnic community.» . Statute of the Dobrovnik municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 34/1999) states in article 21: «The municipal council is elected on the basis of general and equal voting rights with direct and secret voting. Citizens with permanent residents in the municipality have voting rights. Also elected by secret ballot is a representative of the Hungarian national community on the basis of a special voting right. Also elected by secret ballot are the members of the Slovene nation, who represent a minority in the municipality.» . Statute of the Hodos municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 47/1999) , article 14, paragraph 2: «The municipal council consists of seven members. The representatives of the Hungarian and the Slovene national community, since they represent a minority in the municipality, each have one representative in the council. The representative of the Slovene and Hungarian national community on the municipal council have the right to veto when deciding on matters concerning the position of their nationality communities.» . Statute of the Salovci municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 13/1999) There are no specific provisions in the statue as there are in other statutes of nationally mixed municipalities. However, it may be discerned, from paragraph 2 of article 62, that a representative of the Hungarian national community is elected to the municipal council (article 62, paragraph 2: «a representative of the Hungarian national community has the right to use his mother tongue when working in the municipal council and its agencies.») . Statute of the Lendava municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 26/1999), paragraph 2 of article 15: «The municipal council shall consist of 22 members; two of these shall be members of the Hungarian ethnic community.» . Law on Local Elections (Official Gazette No. 72/93), article 6. . Law on Local Elections (Official Gazette No. 72/93), paragraph 2 of article 8. . Law on Local Elections (Official Gazette No. 72/93), paragraph of article 10. . Law on Local Elections (Official Gazette No. 72/93), article 23. . Law on Local Elections (Official Gazette No. 72/93), article 33. . Law on Local Elections (Official Gazette No. 72/93), article 36. . Law on Local Elections 49 (Official Gazette No. 72/93), article 49. . Law on Self-governing Ethnic Communities (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 65/94). . Law on Self-governing ethnic communities (Official Gazette No. 65/94), article 3: «The Self-governing ethnic communities shall accomplish the following tasks: — in accordance with the constitution and law, independently decide on matters in their jurisdiction; — in accordance with the law, give an accord on matters relating to the safeguarding of special rights of national communities, which are decided together with the agencies of self-governing local communities; — study and deal with issues concerning the position of national communities, take stands and present suggestions and incentives to the appropriate agencies; — encourage and organize activities that contribute to the preservation of the national identity of the members of the Italian and Hungarian national community.» . Law on Self-Governing ethnic communities (Official Gazette No. 65/94), article 4: «The Self-Governing ethnic communities fulfil the tasks from the previous article by: — encouraging and organizing cultural, research, informative, publishing and economic activities for the development of national communities; — founding organizations and public institutions; — monitoring and encouraging the development of upbringing and education for the members of national communities and, in accordance with the law, cooperating in the planning and organizing of the educational work and in the forming of educational programmes; — developing contacts with the kin-nation, the members of national communities in other states and with international organizations; — in accordance with the law, perform tasks from the state jurisdiction; — accomplishing other tasks in accordance with the statute. . The municipalities are required to ensure premises and other financial means necessary for the functioning of the municipal self-governing ethnic communities. Financial means for the functioning of the municipal self-governing ethnic communities are provided in the municipal budget, and financial means for the functioning of the Italian and Hungarian self-governing ethnic communities in the Republic of Slovenia are provided in the state budget. . Law on Self-managing Ethnic Communities. Official Gazette of the RS, No. 65/94, article 15, 2nd paragraph. . Law on Self-managing Ethnic Cmmunities. Official Gazette of the RS, No. 65/94, article 13. . Law on Self-managing Ethnic Communities. Official Gazette of the RS, No. 65/94, article 16. . Law on Self-governing Ethnic Communities. Official Gazette of the RS, No. 65/94, article 17. . Statute of the Koper municipality (the Official Bulletin, No. 40/2000), article 7: «On the nationally mixed area of the municipality encompassing the settlements of Ankaran — Ancarano, Barizoni — Barisoni, Bertoki — Bertocchi, Bosamarin — Bossamarino, Cerej — Cerei, Hrvatini — Crevatini, Kampel — Campel, Kolomban — Colombano, Koper — Capodistria, Prade, Premancan — Premanzano, del naselja Spodnje Skofije (Valmarin), Salara — Salara and Skocjan — San Canzano, where members of the autochthonous Italian national community live, the official languages are Slovene and Italian». . Statute of the Izola municipality (the Official Bulletin, No. 15/2000), article 4, 3rd paragraph: «on the nationally mixed area (bilingual area), encompassing the town of Isola and the settlements of Dobrava and Jagodje, the Slovene and Italian language are equal in public and private life». . Statute of the Piran municipality (the Official Bulletin, No. 10/1999), article 3: «On the nationally mixed area of the municipality encompassing the settlements of Piran of Portoroz, Lucija, Strunjan, Seca, Secovlje, Parecag and Dragonja (the bilingual territory), on which members of the Italian national community live, the Slovene and Italian languages are equal in public and private life». . Statute of the Hodos municipality (Official Gazette, No. 47/1999), article 1: «the municipality Hodos is a self-governing local community founded by law on the area of the following nationally mixed settlements, in which the members of the Hungarian national community live: Hodos — Hodos, Krplivnik — Kapornak». . Statute of the Salovci municipality (Official Gazette, No. 13/1999), article 2: «a part of the area of the municipality, on which members of the Hungarian national community live, is ethnically mixed. The nationally mixed area of the municipality is the settlement of Domanjsevci — Domonkosfa. . Statute of the Moravske Toplice municipality (Official Gazette, No. 11/1999), article 2, 2nd paragraph: «the settlements of Cicecka vas — Csekefa, Motvarjevci — Szentlászló, Pordasinci — Kisfalu, Prosenjakovci-Pártosfalva and Sredisce — Szerdahely are inhabited by members of the Hungarian national community.» . Statute of the Dobrovnik municipality (Official Gazette, no.34/1999), article 2, 2nd paragraph: «the part of the municipality inhabited by members of the Hungarian national community is ethnically mixed. The ethnically mixed area encompasses the settlements Dobrovnik — Dobronak and Zitkovci — Zsitkóc.» . Statute of the Lendava municipality (Official Gazette, No. 26/1999), article 1: «the Lendava municipality is a self-governing local community founded by law in the areas of the following settlements: Banuta-Bánuta, Benica, Centiba-Csente, Dolga vas-Hosszúfalu, Dolgovaske gorice — Hosszúfaluhegy, Dolina pri Lendavi-Völgyifalu, Dolnji Lakos-Alsólakos, Gaberje-Gyertyános, Genterovci-Göntérhaza, Gornji Lakos-Felsölakos, Hotiza, Kamovci- Kámaháza, Kapca-Kapca, Kot-Kót, Lendava-Lendva, Lendavske gorice-Lendvahegy, Most- je-Hidvég, Petisovci-Petesháza, Pince-Pince, Pince marof-Pince major, Radmozanci- Radamos, Trimlini-Hármasmalom, part of Brezovec. The ethnically mixed area of the municipality where members of the Hungarian ethnic community also live comprises the above-named settlements, except for the settlements of Benica, Hotiza and part of Brezovec. . This chapter is entitled «Measures to promote the use of regional or minority languages in public life in accordance with the undertakings entered into under article 2, paragraph 2. . Law on the Ratification of the European Charter on Regional or Minority languages, the Official Gazette, No. 17 (4.8.2000), article 4. . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, a (i, ii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, b (i, ii, iii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, c (i, ii, iii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, d (i, ii, iii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, e (iii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, f (iii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, (g). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, (h). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 1st paragraph, (i). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 8, 2nd paragraph. . Law on the Implementation of the Special Rights of Members of the Italian and Hungarian Nationality in the Field of Education (Official Gazette, 35/2001), article 3. . Law on the Implementation of the Special Rights of Members of the Italian and Hungarian Nationality in the Field of Education (Official Gazette, 35/2001), article 2: (integration into the system) «The upbringing and the education for the members of the Italian and Hungarian national community is an integral part of the educational system in the Republic of Slovenia and is based on the regulations covering the field of pre-school education, elementary education, lower and higher secondary vocational education, secondary professional and technical education and technical general education, if this is not otherwise regulated by law.» . Law on Self-Governing Ethnic Communities (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 65/94), item 3 of article 4. . Law on the Organisation and Financing of Education (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 12/96), item 4 of article 41. . A Programme of Case Studies Concerning the Inclusion of Minorities as Factors of Cultural Policy and Action. Bilingual Education in Slovenia. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1996, p. 24. . Constitutional Court. Decision on the finding that paragraph 3 of article 3 of the Law on the Organisation and Financing of Education is not unconstitutional. Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 77/1998. . Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Culture, Education and Science between the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Hungary (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, International agreements, No. 6/1993). . Statute of the Koper municipality (the Official Bulletin, No. 40/2000), article 111, 1st paragraph: «In all schools in the area of the Koper municipality the study of the Slovene language is compulsory for the members of the Italian national community.» . Memorandum of Understanding on the Mutual Recognition of Slovenian and Italian Degree Certificates and Professional Qualifications. Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, International Agreements, No. 4/1996. . Research performed in schools with Italian as the language of instruction in Slovenia and Croatia has shown that in those schools there are some 25% of students who are of Italian nationality and whose mother tongue is Italian, 15-20% of the children are of Slovenian or Croatian origin, while for the remainder, ethnic affiliation and mother tongue are not the same. Loredana Bogulin-Debeljuh: L’Identità Etnica: Gli Italiani dell’Area Istro- Quarnerina. Etnia-V, Rovigno. Centro di Ricerche Storiche. 1994. . Statute of the Koper municipality (the Official Bulletin, No. 40/2000), article 111, 2nd paragraph: «In all Slovene schools in the nationally mixed area of the municipality the study of the Italian language is a compulsory subject.» . See for example the results of the research project Interethnic Relations and Ethnic Identity in Slovenian Istria: (Koper/Capodistria, Piran/Pirano, Izola/Isola): a comparative analysis of ethnic identity elements of the population in contact areas of the border regions in Slovenia, Austria, Italy and Hungary (project leader Albina Necak-Lük), Ljubljana, INV 1996. . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 9, 1st paragraph, a (i, ii, iii, iv). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 9, 1st paragraph, b (i, ii, iii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 9, 1st paragraph, c (i, ii, iii). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 9, 2nd paragraph, a, b, c. . Law on Legal Proceedings (Official Gazette, No. 26/1999) Article 104, par. 1: «Par- ties and other participants in the proceedings lodge their suits, complaints and other applications in the Slovene language, or in the language of the national community officially in use in the Court. If a party submits a claim in a language that is not in official use in the court, the court shall act according to the provisions in article 108 of this law referring to incomprehensible claims». . Law on Amendments to the Law on the Notariat (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 48/94), article 1: «In the Law on the Notariat ship (Official Gazette, No.13/94) the 2nd paragraph of article 13 shall be changed so that it states: «In areas where the official language is also Italian or Hungarian, notarial deeds shall be drawn up in both official languages if the party uses the Italian or Hungarian languages.» . Law on the Office of Public Prosecutor (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 63/94), Article 6: «Offices of the public prosecutor shall operate in the Slovenian language. In areas where the autochthonous Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities reside, the public prosecutor’s office shall also operate in Italian or Hungarian if the proceedings are held before the court or another state body in this language or if the party who lives in this area uses this language in his/her dealings with the public prosecutor.» . Law on Penal Proceedings (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 63/94), article 6: «(1) Penal proceeding shall be conducted in the Slovene language. (2) If, in accordance with the Constitution, the court officially uses the language of the Italian or Hungarian national communities, the penal proceedings can also be conducted in the language of this minority as defined by law.» Article 7: (1) Charges, complaints and other claims are submitted to the court in the Slovene language. (2) On the areas, where members of the Italian or Hungarian national communities reside, the members of these communities can submit claims in the Italian or Hungarian languages, if this language is officially used by the court.(3) A foreigner, who has been deprived of his/her liberty, has the right to submit claims to the court in his own language, and in other cases foreign citizens can submit claims in their own language only when the condition of reciprocity is met. Article 9: (1) Subpoenas, written orders and other writings are distributed by the court in the Slovene language. (2) A court that officially uses the Italian or Hungarian language as well, also distributes subpoenas in this language, but only distributes written orders and other writings in this language when the court conducts the proceedings in both official languages. The participants in the procedure can abandon their right to the acquirement of written orders and other writings in the Hungarian or Italian language. The denouncement must be noted in the minutes. . Rules of Procedure of the Court. Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 17/95, Articles 60-69 (operation of the court in an area where the Hungarian and Italian national communities reside): «Article 60: In an area where the autochthonous Italian and Hungarian national community live and where equality of the Italian or Hungarian languages is guaranteed by constitution or law, the courts must ensure the equality of the Italian or Hungarian languages in accordance with law, if a party residing in this area uses the Italian or Hungarian languages. Article 61: If only one party is involved in the proceeding or if both parties in the proceeding use the same language, the proceeding shall be conducted only in the language of these parties. If one of the parties involved in the proceeding uses the Slovene language, and the other the Italian or Hungarian languages, the proceeding shall be conducted in the Slovene and the Italian or Hungarian languages (in the following text: a bilingual proceeding). The court shall act in this manner also if the claim by which the proceeding was initiated is composed in the Slovene language, and the party declares before the start of the proceeding that he uses the Italian or Hungarian language. When the court establishes by the claim with which the party initiated the proceeding, or by the declaration of the client, that the proceeding has to be conducted in the Italian or Hungarian language or bilingually, it makes an appropriate note and marks the cover of the document («It.» or «Ma.»). If, according to the provisions of the law and the court order, a proceeding would have to be conducted in the Italian or Hungarian language, and the clients state that it should be conducted in Slovene, the proceeding shall be conducted in Slovene. Such a statement from the party has to be noted in the minutes. Article 62: If a proceeding is conducted only in the Italian or Hungarian language, or bilingually, the clients and other participants are addressed in their own language. If a participant in the proceeding does not understand the language in which the proceeding is conducted, he has to be provided with an oral translation of what he/she or others are saying, and of documents and other written evidential material. Article 63: If a proceeding is conducted in the Italian or Hungarian language, the minutes shall be recorded in this language. If a participant in the proceeding does not speak the Italian or Hungarian language, his testimony shall be recorded in the minutes in the official language in which the proceeding is conducted. Article 64: The minutes in bilingual proceedings are recorded in the language that the parties and other participants are using. Any comment, testimony, statement, etc. has to be translated simultaneously and written in the Slovene and Italian or Hungarian languages. Article 65: Judicial written orders in a proceeding conducted in the Italian or Hungarian languages and written orders in a bilingual proceeding are always issued in the Slovene and Italian or Hungarian languages. Article 66: If in a proceeding conducted in the Italian or Hungarian languages or bilingually, an ordinary or extraordinary legal measure is filed, the court on the 1st level ensures the translation of the legal measure and of the entire document in the Slovene language before the deposition of the document. Article 67: All costs incurred by conducting the proceeding in the Slovene or Italian languages or bilingually, are allocated from the funds for the court’s operation and cannot be a burden to the clients. Article 68: The Ministry of Justice is responsible for the education of judges and other personnel for conducting bilingual procedures. A bilingual procedure can only be conducted by a judge or a professional co-operator that has successfully passed a special exam in the Italian or Hungarian languages before a commission of the Ministry of Justice, or if he holds a university degree in the Italian or Hungarian languages or if he is listed in the registry of permanent court translators for one of the two languages. In courts where there are no judges with an active knowledge of the Italian or Hungarian languages, bilingual proceedings are conducted with the assistance of a court translator. The provisions of this article apply also to the court staff involved in bilingual proceedings. Article 69: The bonus payment for the qualification of judges and of court staff to conduct bilingual proceedings is determined by the judicial council.» . The use of a minority language is also mentioned in certain municipality statutes: Statute of the Municipality Koper/Capodistria (Official Bulletin, No. 40/2000), article 112: In the nationally mixed area of the municipality, penal and other proceedings are conducted bilingually in accordance with the law. Proceedings involving several parties of both nations are conducted in the Italian language or bilingually. State bodies, bodies of the municipal administration and other bodies of the municipality, courts and other bearers of public authorities, issuing legal and other acts following legally defined procedures, must issue these acts to the members of the Italian national community in both languages, and to the other citizens upon request. In cases from the previous paragraph both acts are considered original. . The Rules of Procedure on Assigning Names to Settlements and Streets and on the Marking of Settlements, Streets and Buildings (Official Gazette of SRS, No. 11/80), article 25:» In the area inhabited by, apart from members of the Slovene nation, members of the Italian or Hungarian national communities, the names of settlements and streets shall be listed in both languages. On the top is the inscription in Slovene, and below it in the minority language. Both inscription are of equal size.» . The Koper/Capodistria Municipality: Decision on the implementation of bilingualism in the ethnically mixed area. Official Bulletin, 22/1998 (30th June 1998), paragraph 4 of article 6: «All inscriptions on signposts, signboards, explanation boards of traffic signs, on destination boards, official designations of streets, on public transport stations and stops (bus, taxi, rail, boat and other) and in urban public transport vehicles (shall be bilingual), except names of settlements and other geographic terms which are not in the ethnically mixed area». The statute of the Koper City Municipality (the Official Bulletin 40/2000) article 117: «Public inscriptions in the nationally mixed area are bilingual. Also bilingual are the public proclamations on bulletin boards of state bodies, municipal bodies and other local self-governing communities and on those of performers of economic and other public services. Article 118: The bodies of municipal administration and other bodies of the municipality and of other self-governing communities, public enterprises and institutions performing public authorizations, must use in their activities the names of settlements and streets in the nationally mixed areas in the Slovene and Italian language.» Municipality of Izola/Isola: Decree on the implementation of bilingualism in the ethnically mixed area in the Municipality of Izola/Isola (Official Bulletin, No. 3/2001). Statute of the Piran Municipality (Official Bulletin 10/1999) article 75: «Public inscriptions in the ethnically mixed area shall be bilingual.» Statute of the Lendava Municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 26/1999) article 71: «In the ethnically mixed area, signboards designating settlements, streets, announcements, notices and warnings and other public signs shall be bilingual. All municipal and state organs, enterprises, economic organisations, private businesses, public institutions, associations and other organisations and communities in the ethnically mixed area must have bilingual signboards. The bilingual signs must ensure the equal appearance of both languages». Statute of the Moravske Toplice Municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 11/99), article 89: «In the ethnically mixed area, signboards designating settlements, streets, announcements, notices and warnings and other public signs shall be bilingual. All municipal and state organs, enterprises, economic organisations, private businesses, public institutions, associations and other organisations and communities in the ethnically mixed area must have bilingual signboards. The bilingual signs must ensure the equal appearance of both languages». Statute of the Salovci Municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 13/99), article 60: «In the ethnically mixed area, signboards designating settlements, streets, announcements, notices and warnings and other public signs shall be bilingual. All municipal and state organs, enterprises, economic organisations, private businesses, public institutions, associations and other organisations and communities in the ethnically mixed area must have bilingual signboards. The bilingual signs must ensure the equal appearance of both languages». Statute of the Hodos Municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 47/99), article 62: «In the territory of the Municipality, signboards designating settlements, streets, announcements, warnings and other public signs shall be bilingual. All municipal and state organs, enterprises, economic organisations, private businesses, public institutions, associations and other organisations and communities in the ethnically mixed area must have bilingual signboards. The bilingual signs must ensure the equal appearance of both languages». Statute of the Dobrovnik Municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 34/99), article 88: «In the ethnically mixed area, signboards designating settlements, streets, announcements, notices, warnings and other public signs shall be bilingual. All municipal and state organs, enterprises, economic organisations, private businesses, public institutions, associations and other organisations and communities in the ethnically mixed area must have bilingual signboards. The bilingual signs must ensure the equal appearance of both languages». . Law on the Naming and Registering of Settlements, Streets and Buildings (Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia No. 8/80), article 8: «The Municipal Assembly shall decide on the naming, renaming, merging, spaniding and abolition of settlements and streets and on the definition of the area of a settlement. In areas inhabited by members of the Slovenian nation and members of the Hungarian or Italian ethnic minorities, the Self-governing Interest Community for Education and Culture of the minority in question shall participate in the decision making process mentioned in the preceding paragraph». See also: Statute of the Koper Municipality (Official Bulletin) 40/2000, article 104, 1st paragraph:» The council of the self-governing national community gives its accord through the members of the municipal council — representatives of the Italian national community — regarding the following acts: — on the naming of settlements, streets and squares on the nationally mixed area of the municipality»; Statute of the Piran Municipality. Official Bulletin No. 10/99, article 66. Statute of the Lendava Municipality, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 26/1999, article 77. Statute of the Salovci Municipality, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 13/1999, article 66. Statute of the Moravske Toplice Municipality, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 11/1999, article 95. Statute of the Municipality Hodos (adopted 15th April 1999), article 68. . Law on General Administrative Proceedings (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 80/1999), chapter 4 (language in proceedings), article 62: 1. The administrative proceeding is conducted in the Slovene language. In this language claims are submitted, written orders, decrees, minutes, official notes and other writings are written and all actions in the proceeding are conducted. 2. In the area of municipalities where, besides the Slovene language, the Italian or Hungarian language (in the following text: national community language) are in official use, the administrative proceeding is conducted in the Slovene and the minority language, if the party submits the claim upon which the proceeding is started in the minority language or if the party so demands at any time during the proceeding. 3. If parties involved in the proceeding have not requested the proceeding to be conducted in the ethnic community language as described in the previous paragraph, the proceeding shall be conducted in the Slovene language and in the ethnic community language. 4. When a municipal body decides on a matter in an area where the national community language is, in addition to the Slovene language, also in official use, and without prior interrogation of the party, the written order shall be issued in the Slovene and the nationality community languages, whereas the spoken order is pronounced in a language comprehensible to the party. 5. Members of the Italian and Hungarian national community have the right to use their nationality language in proceedings before bodies outside the area where the Italian and Hungarian language are in official use as well. . The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, article 11: «The official language of Slovenia is Slovene. In those municipalities where Italian or Hungarian national communities reside, Italian and Hungarian shall also be official languages.» . The Law on Personal names (Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, No. 2/87), article 3: «The personal name of a member of the Italian or Hungarian ethnic minority shall be entered in the Italian or Hungarian script and form, unless otherwise determined by the member of the minority». Statute of the Koper Municipality (Official Bulletin) No. 40/2000, article 108: «State bodies, bodies of the municipal administration and other bodies of the municipality and of other self-governing local communities, public enterprises and public institutions and other legal and physical persons performing a public activity on the nationally mixed area are obliged to (...) — take into account and use the original names and surnames of the Members of the Italian national community when dealing with the public (...)» Statute of the Piran Municipality Official Bulletin No. 8/94, article 79: «Everyone has the duty to respect the original personal name of a member of the Italian ethnic community, and must not change its spelling». Statute of the Lendava Municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 26/1999) article 70: «(...) In their work they have the duty to respect the official names and surnames of members of the Hungarian ethnic community.» Statute of the Hodos Municipality (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 47/1999), article 61: «On the territory of the municipality, the municipal organs and all public services operate in the Slovenian and in the Hungarian language. In the discharge of their duties they must respect the official names and surnames of the members of the Hungarian ethnic community». . Ordinance on quotients for the basic remuneration of officials appointed by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, and other employees in Slovenian government services, administrative organs and administrative units (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 82/94), article 10: «On the territory of local communities where the Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities reside, for positions for which the Act on internal organisation and systematisation of positions prescribes knowledge of the language of the ethnic community, the basic salary shall be increased by: — 6% for active knowledge of the language of the ethnic community; — 3% for passive knowledge of the language of the ethnic community». Municipality of Lendava: Regulations on the salaries of municipal officials and remuneration of members of working bodies of the Municipal Council and members of other municipal organs and on the reimbursement of costs (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 28/1999, paragraph 2 of article 3: «The mayor shall be entitled to a bilingualism bonus in the amount of 20% of his basic salary if he has active knowledge of the language of the ethnic community and uses it in his daily work». . Standing Orders of the NA. Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 40/93, article 5/2. . Standing Orders of the NA. Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 40/93, article 321/2. . Law on the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia No. 2/87), paragraph 2 of article 30: «In areas where members of the Italian or Hungarian ethnic minority reside, registrars shall be obliged to issue extracts and certificates from registers also in the Italian or Hungarian languages». . Law on Personal Identity Cards (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 75/97, dated 5th December 1997), article 6: «Personal identity cards shall be printed in Slovenian and in English; and in areas defined by law where members of the autochthonous Italian or Hungarian community live together with members of the Slovenian nation, also in Italian or Hungarian». . Law on Passports for Citizens of the Republic of Slovenia (Official Gazette of the RS, No. 65/2000), article 13: «Passports and visas shall be printed in Slovenian, English and French; in areas defined by the law where members of the autochthonous Italian or Hungarian community live alongside members of the Slovenian nation, documents are also printed in Italian and Hungarian. . Law on Census Taking in the Republic of Slovenia in 2001. The Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 66/2000, article 21. . Instructions on the Use of the Italian Language with Citizens in the Operations of Municipal Administration Bodies. Municipality of Koper, 15.10.2001, no. K0052-6/01. . The Decree on the Exercising of Bilingualism on the Ethnically Mixed Area of the Isola Municipality. The Official Bulletin, No. 3/2001 (15th February 2001). . Law on the Financing of Municipalities (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, Nos. 80/94 and 56/98), paragraph 7 of article 26: «Irrespective of statements in the previous paragraphs, municipalities in bilingual areas shall be guaranteed funds from the state budget to finance the requirements of bilingualism and for the implementation of the constitutional rights of the Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities». . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 11, 1st paragraph, a (i), e (i). . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 11, 2nd paragraph. . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 11, 3rd paragraph. 120. Law on Media, The Official Gazette, No. 35/2001, article 4, 1st paragraph. . Law on Media, The Official Gazette, No. 35/2001, article 5, 4th paragraph. . Law on Media, The Official Gazette, No. 35/2001, article 51, 2nd paragraph. 123. Law on Media, The Official Gazette, No. 35/2001, article 68, 1st paragraph. . Law on Media, The Official Gazette, No. 35/2001, article 76, 1st paragraph. . The Special Statute (annex II) of the Memorandum of Understanding, item 4a: «(...) the ethnic groups [the Italian in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav in Italy, note M.K.] shall have the right to their own press in their mother tongue.» . Convention on the Providing of the Special Rights of the Slovenian Ethnic Minority in the Republic of Hungary and the Hungarian Ethnic Community in the Republic of Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 6/93), article 5: «The signatories recognise the right of the minorities to information in their own language in the press, on radio and on television. To this end they shall guarantee to the minorities their own information activities and their development. They shall support the free flow of information in the languages of the minorities and cooperation between the ethnic mass media and those of the majority nations. The contracting parties shall ensure the reception of local radio and TV stations, as well as radio and TV stations of the parent nation, and for regular and appropriate time slots for radio broadcasts in the mother tongue». . Law on Radio-Television Station Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 18/1994, article 3, 1st paragraph. . Law on Radio-Television Station Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 18/1994, article 3, 2nd paragraph. . Law on Radio-Television Station Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 18/1994, article 3, 3rd paragraph. . Law on Radio-Television Station Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 18/1994, article 6, 1st paragraph. . Law on Radio-Television Station Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 18/1994, article 6, 5th paragraph. . Law on Radio-Television Station Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 18/1994, article 22: «The council of RTV Slovenia shall name programming boards for the nationality programme (in the following text: programming board). In the programming board from the previous chapter the self-governing ethnic communities in Slovenia shall name two thirds of the members for the period of four years and with the possibility of re-nomination. The programming board gives its accord to the nomination of the chief editor of the nationality programme and on the amount and programme scheme of the programme. The programming board deals with the realisation of the programme scheme, the comments and suggestions of viewers and listeners, submits initiatives to the RTV council for addressing certain issues related to the nationality programme and performs tasks defined in the statute. RTV Slovenia must make public the position of the programming board on issues concerning the nationality programme. . Statute of the Public Institution RTV Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 66/95), article 9: RTV Slovenia includes the following units: (...) the Regional RTV Centre Koper-Capodistria/Centro Regionale RTV Koper-Capodistria Article 18: «The TV channel Koper-Capodistria and the Radio channel Koper-Capodistria jointly form the Regional RTV Centre Koper-Capodistria which shall create, produce and broadcast the RTV programme in Slovenian, the RTV programme for the Italian ethnic community, the RTV programme for the Slovenian minority in Italy and produce broadcasts for the state RTV programmes». Article 19: «The RTV programmes mentioned in the preceding article shall be produced by the editors of the regional RTV programme and the editors of the Italian RTV programme. (...) The production of the RTV programme in the Italian language shall be coordinated by the director and the editors responsible for the programmes for the Italian ethnic community.» . Statute of the Public Institution RTV Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 66/95), article 40: «The programme directors are senior officers of RTV Slovenia for the areas of radio and TV programmes. RTV Slovenia shall have programme directors for the following programming areas: for the TV programmes of RTV Slovenia; for the radio programmes of RTV Slovenia; for the TV and radio programme for the Italian ethnic community; for the TV and radio programme for the Hungarian ethnic community». . Statute of the Public Institution RTV Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 66/95), articles 41, 47. . Statute of the Public Institution RTV Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 66/95), article 48. A similar provision can be found in the 1st paragraph of article 19 of the Law on Media (Official Gazette 35/2001), stating that the «a person, with (...) certificate proving active knowledge of the Italian or Hungarian national language, can become chief editor of a medium of Hungarian or Italian national community.» . Statute of the Public Institution RTV Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No.66/95), article 53: The programming boards deal with the realisation of programming concepts, they authorize the scope and programming concept of the ethnic programme, deal with comments and suggestions of viewers and listeners where those relate to the ethnic programmes, offer initiatives to the Board of RTV Slovenia concerning ethnic programme issues, deal with initiatives, opinions and proposals of journalists and editors concerning the production and broadcasting of ethnic minority programmes, propose the appointment and discharge of the editor responsible for ethnic minority programmes and deals with other ethnic minority issues. . Interethnic relations and ethnic identity in the town Lendava/Lendva: a comparative analysis of ethnic identity elements of the population in contact areas of the border regions in Slovenia, Austria, Italy and Hungary (project leader Albina Necak-Lük), Ljubljana, INV 1996. . Statute of the Public Institution RTV Slovenia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 66/95), article 9: RTV Slovenia includes the following units: (...) Regional RTV Centre Maribor with two studios for the Hungarian programme in Lendava — Magyar Nemzetsegi Murosok Lendvai Szerkesztoseg. Article 20: The Regional RTV Centre in Maribor creates, produces and broadcasts the regional TV and radio programme, the TV and radio programme for the Hungarian ethnic community, the TV and radio programme for the Slovenian minority in Austria and Hungary, and it produces broadcasts for state radio and TV programmes and broadcasts in foreign languages. Article 21: The radio and TV programmes mentioned in the preceding article are produced by the editors of the regional radio and TV programme and the editors of the Hungarian radio and TV programme (...). The production of the TV and radio programme in the Hungarian language is coordinated by the director and the editors responsible for the Hungarian ethnic community programmes. The management office of the radio and TV programme for the Hungarian ethnic community is in Lendava. . Katalin Munda-Hirnök: The public media in the ethnically mixed area in Lendava. Interethnic relations and ethnic identity on the Slovenian ethnic territory. INV, Ljubljana, 1998, p. 127. . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 12, 1st paragraph a,d,e,f. . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 12, 2nd paragraph.. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 12, 3rd paragraph. . Cultural Policy in Slovenia. (1997) FDV, Ljubljana, p. 200. . The Slovene National Cultural Programme: proposed/published by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia. (2000) Nova Revija, p. 44. . Law on the Realisation of the Public Interest in the Area of Culture (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 75/94). . Law on the Protection of the Cultural Heritage (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 7/99), paragraph 6 of Article 6: «Ethnological monuments shall be areas, buildings, groups of buildings, objects of everyday use and artefacts which bear witness to the life and work of Slovenes, members of the Italian and Hungarian minority and other peoples on the territory of Slovenia.» . Law on the Fund of the Republic of Slovenia for Amateur Cultural Activities (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 1/96), paragraph 2 of article 5: «The Fund may, on the basis of a contract with the local self-governing community or the self-governing community of the autochthonous Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities in Slovenia, perform on its behalf the functions mentioned in the preceding paragraph.» . Law on Librarianship (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 87/2001), article 25: (general libraries in ethnically mixed areas): general libraries in ethnically mixed areas shall ensure the library activity designated for the members of the Italian or Hungarian national community and the Roma community. These libraries ensure to the members of these communities communication in their own language. The general libraries from the previous chapter shall prepare their programme of activities in accordance with the representatives of national communities. Article 33 (the national library), 2nd paragraph: the national library performs within the framework of public library services, in addition to the activities from article 2 of this law, also the following tasks: — it collects, processes, keeps and makes available the fundamental national collection of all library materials in the Slovene language, about Slovenia and Slovenes, Slovene authors, Slovene publishing companies, members of the Italian or Hungarian national communities, Roma community and other minority communities in Slovenia (Slovenika) and fundamental foreign literatures; shall attend particularly to the professionalism and organisation of library activities provided for members of the Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities». . Law on Institutions (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 12/91), paragraph 4 of article 3: «The self-governing ethnic community has the right to co-establish or establish of its own accord, a public institution for performing activities important for the realisation of the rights of the minorities». . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 13, 1st paragraph. . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 13, 2nd paragraph. . European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, article 14. . Law on Self-Governing Ethnic Communities (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 65/94) article 18, 2nd paragraph. . Official Gazette of the Socialistic Republic of Slovenia, No. 12/82. 1 Introduction
2. The model
2.1.Representatives of the national communities in the National Assembly
2.2.Ethnic minority representation in municipal councils
2.3.Self-governing ethnic communities
3. The use of language
Article 8. Education
Article 9. Judicial authorities
Article 10: Administrative authorities and public service
a.Bilingual signs
b.Use of the ethnic minority languages in the administration and in the elected bodies
c.Bilingual documents
d.Bilingual operation in municipal administration
Article 11. Media
Article 12: Cultural activities and institutions
Article 13. Economic and social life
Article 14. Transfrontier exchanges
Final remarque
1 Introduction
2. The model
2.1.Representatives of the national communities in the National Assembly
2.2.Ethnic minority representation in municipal councils
2.3.Self-governing ethnic communities
3. The use of language
Article 8. Education
| Elementary school | Number of pupils |
| 1. The Lendava Bilingual Elementary School I the central school the branch school in Gaberje the branch school in Petisovci the branch school in Dolina the branch school in Centibi 2. The Lendava Bilingual School II (elementary school with an adapted programme) 3. The Bilingual Elementary School of Vlaj Lajos in Genterovci 4. The Dobrovnik Bilingual Elementary School 5. The Prosenjakovci Bilingual Elementary School the central school the branch school in Domanjsevci the branch school in Hodos | 687 602 35 10 0 40 40 88 84 87 72 8 7 |
| Total: | 986 |
| Elementary school | Number of pupils |
| 1. Dante Alighieri Elementary School Isola 2. Pier Paolo Vergerio il Vecchio Elementary School Koper the central school the branch school in Semedeli the branch school in Bertoki the branch school in Hrvatini 3. The Vincenzo de Castro Elementary School Piran the parent school the branch school in Lucija the branch school in Secovlje the branch school in Strunjan | 102 182 140 14 12 16 151 61 49 36 5 |
| Total: | 435 |
Article 9. Judicial authorities
Article 10: Administrative authorities and public service
a.Bilingual signs
b.Use of the ethnic minority languages in the administration and in the elected bodies
c.Bilingual documents
d.Bilingual operation in municipal administration
Article 11. Media
Article 12: Cultural activities and institutions
Article 13. Economic and social life
Article 14. Transfrontier exchanges
Final remarque
Enllaços patrocinats
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